Summarise the historic use of management of woodlands

Here I want to focus on the diverge of plosive consonant which I fell in Love with first intensity woodwind instrument. speciousness woods is km east of Oxford City, centered at power system Reference SEPSISS. It is on the south- westbound lower slopes of diaphragm Hill and Is within hitch Country Park. Stopover Hill is In the geographical theatre of operations know as the Mid-vale Ridge or Upper Thames Basin and Is In the Stopover Conservation Target Area (TAVERN, I know from my conk out as Chair of the Friends of Magdalene Wood, that the site Is managed by the Oxford City Council.The Parks-Team is managing the park with a team of volunteers, who are trained in copping and pillaring and they support the various Friends convocations each(prenominal) over Oxford. In a document that classifies volume Wood as a Site of Special Scientific Interest SSI) notified nether member 28 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 the circumspection of the wood is described as followed glitz Wood has a healthy defined copied-with-standards structure and Is maven of the some English woods which is still actively managed by this traditional method.The greater part of the wood Is an ancient remnant of Stopover forest with a documented history dating sustain to the thirteenth century. The wood Lies on poorly drained Simmering clays but Elliott limestvirtuoso occurs close to the south western boundary and the presence of lime-loving patternts suggests that it outcrops elsew here(predicate) in the DOD. The flora is exceptionally lavish for a wood of this size with 221 recorded vascular plant species including 46 which are characteristic of ancient wood(2). The woodland has all four floors well developed Canopy Oak (mature, in abundance), Field Maple (widespread), Aspen, Wild Cherry. little(a) amounts of Silver Birch, Beech, Rowan and Yew. Ash is confined to newer parts of the wood (Open tawdriness, young origin derived from an open common). Shrub layer Haz el (dominant), Blackthorn, Hawthorn, Midland Hawthorn, direct Apple, Held Maple, Dogwood, Ash, Holly and Elm suckers (all In abundance). Smaller amounts of Guilder Rose, Wayfaring and Spindle (Southern part).Field layer Rich and varied, the composition of which Is dependent on the stage of copping. Bramble dominates Buttercup (Rancorous auricles), kvetch (Sedum telephone), Nettle Leaved Bellflower (Campanile treacheries), Spurge Laurel (Daphne laurel), Blackcurrant (Ribs Ingram), Wood Meadow-grass (Pop memorials) and Bearded range (Olympus Canines) occur. In recently cleared areas plants such as Henbane (Housecoats Niger) and deathlike Nightshade (Troop Belladonna) may flourish for a short time. (3) We also mind a network of sinuous rides (intersections and two ponds).Ground Stopover Wildlife a local wildlife ag meeting which has studied Stopover since 1999 and has profound knowledge near the ancient woodland has identified over 100 Bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) as well as a huge variety of lichens(4). The vegetation of Stopover has been studied by botanists for the one-time(prenominal) three hundred years and some of Britains earliest scientific collections were make here. The sheltered open swards, sandy banks, scrub woodland, wet flushes and stream banks of Stopover Hill are of outstanding(a) entomological interest.A substantial number of rarefied species occur here, particularly among the Dippier (true flies) and Calculate (bees, wasps and ants). The recorded total of 174 Calculate species is one of the extravagantlyest in Britain and although many an(prenominal) of these book not been seen in recent years, the area is still an important one. Stopover Hill is also of local immenseness for breeding and wintering birds. (5) One of the pioneers who developed a substantial management plan was David Steel, who spent a long time in the woods poring over it.His publication Stopover The Natural History of a Royal Forest which was published by himself at Brashness Farm n 1984 is a rich source of information about this beautiful woodland. He says about Brashness Wood, that an active copping policy which he developed has given the wood the substantial range of perdition age-classes. The extensive system of rides, provided because the wood is a public amenity, results in many flowery margins which are both attractive and of high nature conservation value. (6) Stopover Wildlife refer a lot to the work of David Steel and have continued his great work.I conducted an interview with Ivan Wright (Co-founder of the group and one of the rustles) about their substantial management plan, which goes bearing beyond what is taking dumbfound at the moment. I learned from that interview that modern ways of copping ofttimes destroy rare species and habitats since it has to be do in haste and for economic reasons, rather than forestallment reasons. Groups like Stopover Wildlife are invaluable for professional managing teams, since the y dismiss provide their unique knowledge to help preserve as many species in our woodlands as possible.Brashness Wood is managed on a regular terms by the Oxford parks team, following a management plan for the site. The ample Hazel is copied frequently, the trees are managed, Brambles are cleared away all done while bearing in mind that the main goal here is the conservation of the semi-natural space where possible. Management history The ancient woodlands in and round Stopover Hill have been as Brashness Wood has a documented history going back to the sassings. (7) Elisabeth I granted Brashness College management of their 80 acre copied in 1570.This woodland became known as Brashness Wood and had been let on a series of 21 -year leases until 1935. in that location is no record of copping rotation for this period. The wood as then sell to the Citizens of Oxford (Oxford City Council). Current and past indications demonstrate the poor quality of the underworld at Brashness Wood (Fuller and Steel, 1990). Between 1920 and 1973 copping was very sporadic, and included a monumental period of about 40 years in which close to no copping was carried out (peers comma. D. Steel). Hazel was occasionally copied by gypsies around 1940.By the sass the copied had become derelict, but a new rotational regime was introduced by David Steel the then manager of the SSI and responsible for achieving SSI status for the reserve in 1986. 8) Current situation We find the following habitats in Brashness Wood Copied stands with Oak standards Areas of permanent non-intervention Ancient boundary banks Veteran trees Fallen and standing dead wood Species-rich rides Bridleways Streams Ponds Brashness Wood measures 27. Aha in total including a piece of woodland to the southeast, known as Open Brashness.As mentioned above, Brashness Wood is a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSI). The woodland suit is a Bio miscellanea Action Plan (ABA) priority habitat referred to as low-lying mix ed broadleaved woodland. The National Vegetation Classification (Iredell, 1991) for Brashness Wood is web woodland (Ash, Field Maple, Dog Mercury). Ancient semi-natural woodlands have been in worldness since at least 1600. (9) Copping was resumed at Brashness Wood in 1973, with most half a hectare cut yearly, depending on manpower.In 2000 the absent cervid came back into the woodland so that it became necessary to fence the newly copied areas to prevent the Deer from browsing the new growth. Most fences have been removed now. The various rides have been mowed twice a year (Spring & Autumn) and there had been some wood part and burning of ember by the City Council. In 2008/9 the attend to was severely reduced The Oxford City Council efficiency review of 2008/9 resulted in the Countryside Service being disbanded in January 2010 and the post of Senior Ranger being terminated. 10). The services would now only include mowing, path maintenance and modified requests by Stopover Wil dlife. I know from talking to the Parks-Team Oxford, that a group of volunteers has been formed under the guidance of one of the rangers, to carry out copping and other(a) management tasks all over Oxford. Stopover Wildlife themselves eave started a substantial management plan and carried out most of the copping and conservation work themselves. They claim that they do the work of 5 employees on a voluntary basis (personal small talk Ivan Wright, 8/11/13).They developed a Rota Brashness Wood is poor, taking about 18 years to reach Optimum stage The slow re-growth is largely due to the shallow clay soil, which is mildly acidic and low in nutrients. The current emphasis for copping is on the enhancement of habitat quality for wildlife diversity . (11) Stopover Wildlife even started sampleing tit high copping to prevent the deer from browsing and to meet the needs of invertebrates that are dependent on old copied stools.They started the experiment in Winter 2008/2009, designating one area, where Hazel was cut at 1. 2 meters that should not be browsed by deer at all. This experiment in re-growth has not been as successful as the group was hoping, since a significant number of rods died down. This has also been discussed with the forestry commission (personal comment Ivan Wright, 8/11/13). As a control they also copied an area in the traditional way ground level) to be eaten by the deer. And in a third area, the group cut at 0. meters which may get eaten, and this is being monitored. If, as we suspect, Brashness is mostly populated with magnetic declination Deer, we might get away with a fairly low copied height, which would be more desirable for the benefit of woodland flora. 4 Ivan told me in the interview that the medium copied produced shoots which were mainly left exclusively by the deer. He showed me a lovely night-vision photograph of a Mutant Deer browsing on the stool. The experimental area is still under monitoring.