The Impact Of Childhood In Toni Morrisons The Bluest Eye

Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye explores the impact of home on childhood, the formative years of any human. Throughout the book, she describes the childhoods of both adults, namely Polly Breedlove and Cholly Breedlove, and children, specifically Pecola, Claudia, and â€Å"Junior,† and leaves the reader to figure out how their childhoods shaped who they are. In the novel. Morrison argues that the totality of one’s childhood, including one’s home and experiences, is key in forming one’s disposition and character later in life. In doing so, Morrison wants the reader to see that the best defense against a predatory, racist society is the home. By comparing the childhoods to the adulthoods of certain characters in the story, Morrison argues that†¦show more content†¦To begin the novel, Morrison quotes a â€Å"Dick and Jane† book, a children’s book describing an ideal, happy family. Immediately, Morrison provides an example of how Am erican children are bombarded, as soon as they learn how to read, with ideas about what it means to be beautiful. As well, in the first chapter, she exemplifies how American children, both black and white, view beauty, from Claudia and Freida giggling when they are called the names of beautiful white actresses to Freida and Pecola’s admiration of Shirley Temple. In contrast to the broad examples of Polly’s and Cholly’s childhoods, the examples of these 1940s children are discrete and relevant to the period which Morrison wrote the novel. Evidently, Morrison criticizes the effect of the whiteness of American ideals on children, in particular American movies which define societal standards; however, Morrison also makes an important point: these effects are not the same for every individual. By contrasting the homes of Claudia and Pecola throughout the entire novel, Morrison stresses the importance of home in defending against a predatory, racist society. In Claudi a’s home, her parents truly care for her and her sister. In one instance, her father took out a gun to fend off a tenant that touched Freida’s breast. This completely contrasts with Pecola’s home, where her parents are both hateful and self-hating, and her father actually raped her. Even though both households areShow MoreRelatedThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison2069 Words   |  9 Pagesnovel, ‘The Bluest Eye’, Toni Morrison draws upon symbolism, narrative voice, setting and ideals of the time to expose the effects these standards had on the different characters. With the juxtaposition of Claudia MacTeer and Pecola Breedlove, who naively conforms to the barrier of social classes, we are able to understand how African American’s in 1940’s America, specifically Ohio, had to adapt to the white ideals/standards of beauty, which subsequently caused self-hatred. Morrison’s novel exploresRead More Morrisons Sexual Depictions Essay examp les2203 Words   |  9 PagesMorrisons Sexual Depictions Toni Morrison incorporated vulgar sexual depictions into her novel with distinct literary intentions. Although many challengers of the novel contest that these scenes contain no value, Morrison composed these depictions with specific intent and purpose. It was not for shock value or merely to be obscene, but to illustrate to her audience the damaging effect society can have on its most vulnerable members. She spoke through the silence to lobby the destruction ofRead MoreEssay on Themes in Song Of Solomon2113 Words   |  9 PagesToni Morrison is one of the most talented and successful African-American authors of our time. Famous for works such as The Bluest Eye, Sula, and Beloved, Morrison has cultivated large audiences of all ethnicities and social classes with her creative style of writing. It is not Morrison’s talent of creating new stories that attracts her fans. In contrast, it is her talent of revising and modernizing traditional Biblical and mythological stories that h ave been present in literature for centuries.Read MoreThe Price Of Persecution By Toni Morrison s The Bluest Eye1238 Words   |  5 PagesThe Price of Persecution The plight of the weak against the powerful is one of the oldest and compelling stories that can be told, and it has always been the story of race in the United States. Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye is a candid look into the lives of African Americans in the early 1940’s, focusing on the drama surrounding the coming of age of young girls. The debilitating effects of racism, sexism, and classism on children and adults of different social statuses are explored through theRead MoreThe Bluest Eye, And Marilynne Robinson s Housekeeping2047 Words   |  9 Pages community, and society have a consistent, unavoidable impact on the individual and our own sense of identity. Whether it is the home we grow up in, the societal standards we face, or the relationships we lose and make, self-identification is significantly influenced by our surroundings. This journey to find oneself is a central theme within both Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye, and Marilynne Robinson ’s, Housekeeping. The Bluest Eye tells the story of Pecola Breedlove, a young African AmericanRead More Family Relationships in Morrisons The Bluest Eye Essays1781 Words   |  8 Pages Family Relationships in Morrisons The Bluest Eye â€Å"The Bluest Eye† by Toni Morrison, is a story about the life of a young black girl, Pecola Breedlove, who is growing up during post World War I. She prays for the bluest eyes, which will â€Å"make her beautiful† and in turn make her accepted by her family and peers. The major issue in the book, the idea of ugliness, was the belief that â€Å"blackness† was not valuable or beautiful. This view, handed down to them at birth, was a cultural hindranceRead MoreThe Effects of Scientific Racism on Black Women Essay5776 Words   |  24 PagesBlack adolescent girl who is sexually abused by her stepfather. By writing letters to God and forming supportive relationships with other Black women, Celie finds her own voice, and her voice enables her to transcend the fear and silence of her childhood. By creating Celie and giving her the language to tell of her sexual abuse, Walker adds Celies voice to muted yet growing discussions of the sexual politics of Black wo manhood in Black feminist thought. Black feminists have investigated how rape

Foreign Direct Investment By Multinational Corporations

Developing countries lag behind the rest of the world in many aspects of life including economy, education, and welfare. Achieving progress in any of these three areas is important in getting these countries on par or at least closer to the standard of living present in developed nations. Numerous of hypotheses have been posed to tackle and address these issues. This paper examines the aspect of improving the economy and whether or not foreign direct investment by multinational corporations would benefit developing countries. Some may argue, including the renowned artist Frida Kahlo that foreign direct investments may actually lead to a decline in culture and exploitation. However, this paper argues that the economy in developing countries could be significantly improved by properly introducing foreign direct investment by multinational corporations. Foreign direct investment (FDI) made by multinational corporations would spur the economy in developing countries which in turn would lay the groundwork for improvements in other important aspects including education and welfare without a decline in culture and exploitation of citizens. Developing countries are stuck in a cycle of poverty that can’t be broken from within the domestic economy due to an insufficient supply of investment available in these countries to raise the productivity and income levels of workers. The only way to break the cycle of poverty is through investment from multinational corporations. FDI is anShow MoreRelatedMultinational Corporations; There Definition and Evolution1034 Words   |  5 PagesA Multinational Corporation has been described as one that has production facilities or other fixed assets in at least one foreign country and makes its major management decisions in a global context. In marketing, production, research and development, and labor relations, its decisions must be made in terms of host-country customs and traditions. In finance, many of its problems have no domestic counterpart-the payment of dividends in another currency, for example, or the need to shelter workingRead MoreForeign Direct Investment in Nigeria7 51 Words   |  4 PagesReference: Agarwal, J.P. (1980) Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment: A Survey, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 116, pp. 739-773 Akinlo, A.E. 2004. Foreign direct investment and growth in Nigeria: An empirical investigation. Journal of Policy Modelling, 26: 627-39. Aliber, Robert Z. The Multinational Enterprise in a Multiple Currency World. In The Multinational Enterprise, ed. John H. Dunning. London: Allen Unwin, 1971. Aluko, S.A. (1961). Financing economic development in NigeriaRead MoreHow Does Exchange Rate Stability Affect Hedging Strategies For Multinational Organizations?832 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment How does exchange rate stability affect hedging strategies for multinational organizations? Multinational organizations enjoy economies of scale that can span between multiple continents. Due to the size of the multinational organization, there can be risks that creates ebbs and flows of profits and expenses based upon multiple currency rate exchange differences. If the multinational corporation owns foreign direct investments, and the currency appreciates in relationship to the dollar, thereRead MoreGlobalization Is A Process Of Greater Interdependence Among Countries And Their Citizens1398 Words   |  6 Pagesincreased integration of product and resource markets across nations via trade, immigration, and foreign investment- that is, via international flows of goods and services, of people, and of investment such as equipment, factories, stocks, and bonds. Globalization is driven by technological change and the liberalization of trade and opening up of the markets. Globalization has given a rise to multinational companies. After the Second World War, there has been an increase in growth in international tradeRead MoreDescribe some of the positive and negative roles played by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in the contemporary world economy?1557 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction What is a Multinational Corporation (MNCs)? Multinational companies are firms with their home base in one country and operations in many other nations. Most of these very immense firms establish in third word countries or developing countries where they could manufacture the same identical product for very low costs compared to establishing the same firm in the western countries producing that product. Although transnational corporations (TNCs) are commonly thought to be synonymousRead MoreThe Role Of Multinational Companies1734 Words   |  7 Pagesconditions and factors that have an impact on the competitiveness of enterprises. Drafted the research problem requires a comprehensive approach - including the aspects and characteristics of the MNE, foreign investment importance and competitive advantage. Multinational companies The role of multinational companies (MNEs) in international trade has become very great importance in the last 20 years. This is in large part to the increase in the integration of national economies and technological progressRead MoreWhy Multinational Corporations Are Beneficial For Developing Countries1530 Words   |  7 PagesIdentify the positive and negative impacts of multinational companies on less developed countries. The appearance of multinational corporations as a global power and the implications of setting up them in less developed countries was strongly supported by the new rules of world which called economic liberalism and globalization. They became a national phenomenon a post-world war II and widespread when the United States enacted the structure of world regulation for political, economic and militaryRead MoreInternational Climate Affects The Regulation And Market Strategy Of Multinational Corporations And Host Countries Have Dynamic, Interactive Working1748 Words   |  7 Pagesinto foreign market. A Multinational Corporation is an enterprise that operates in more than one country for the purpose of increasing benefit to whole enterprise. A MNC manage complex global operations and serves multiple markets from each location. As multinationals not only strongly influence patterns of international trade, but also channel technology transfer and capital movement across borders, it remains a policy priority to understand what forces shape their activity. Multinational corporationsRead MoreMultinational Corporations : The Current Process Of Globalization1658 Words   |  7 Pages Multinational corporations are evidently playing a starring role in the current process of globalization. This has been fueled by the rising share of cross-border capital flows attributable to foreign direct investment of such multinationals. Further, the multinational corporations have played an integral role in linking financial and product markets globally through transfers of technology, physical capital as well as management techniques. However, in order to venture into foreign markets, corporationsRead MoreCorruption1154 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Corruption in Multinational Corporation’s [Student name] [Professor’s name] [Course title] [Date] Introduction Corruption can be defined as a spiritual or moral deviation from an ideal. Corruption come in different styles and that include bribery and funds embezzlement. Corruption has been the number one menace in many countries of the world. It impacts countries in many ways, impacting economy and development in a negative way. Corruption tends to raise the cost of government

Task 2 Failures to Protect Individuals Essay - 1083 Words

TASK 2 Identify two reports on serious failures to protect individuals (ADULTS) from abuse. Write an account that describes the unsafe practices in the reviews. Look on Google under UK failures in adult care Report 1. In March 2002, a 30-year-old woman with learning disabilities was admitted to Borders General Hospital in Scotland with multiple injuries as a result of sustained physical and sexual assaults. The abuse had been carried out at home and was perpetrated by three men, one of whom was her carer. ‘The case of the vulnerable adult’ is the term that the individual involved has asked to be used. Her identity is protected under rules giving anonymity to victims of rape. The woman had made allegations against one of the†¦show more content†¦If all seemed well they could have arranged visits for support for the girl for example. Knowing or finding out weather a person is able to fully understand when they have a disability is a difficult thing to do. When the girl’s mother passed away the perpetrator was allowed to become the girls carer and the abuse continued. Before this man was allowed to become the girls carer agencies/social services should have fully investigated the man’s past, he should have gone through interviews and the agencies could have observed/investigated the man’s and girl’s relation/friendship. There would have been no harm for the agencies to go and check on the woman years later and keep on top of visits because if they did this the signs of abuse would have been clear such as dehydration and lack of food, poor clothing, torn genital area and marks on her face and body. Report 2. NHS staff persistently abused a blind and deaf man with a low IQ by tying him up for 16 hours a day, government inspectors revealed today in a damning report on services for people with learning disabilities. Carers employed by the Cornwall Partnership NHS trust bound his arms together with cloth bandages and fastened them to his bed or wheelchair, to stop him slapping himself in the face. They found evidence in personnel filesShow MoreRelatedAssignment 204 Principles Of Safeguarding And Protection In Health And Social Care1549 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Joanne clark Norfolk house Assignment 204 Principles of safeguarding and protection in health and social care 204 Task A Booklet Create a booklet about safeguarding, which can be used as a reminder for people who work in the care profession. The booklet must: Ai Describe in your own words what is meant by the following types of abuse: †¢ Physical abuse Physical abuse is the use of physical force that may result in bodily injury,physical pain or impairment.physical abuse may include but is notRead MoreEssay on assessment 3 NEBOSH1079 Words   |  5 Pagesthe end. (2) Perception is the process by which people translate sensory impressions into a coherent and unified view of the world around them. An example is how different people see different situations. (2) Attitude is the way or tendency to respond positively or negatively towards a certain idea, object, person, or situation. Attitude influences an individuals choice of action, and responses to challenges, incentives, and rewards. An example is how a politician courts votes. (2) Human ErrorRead MoreWhat Is The Regulation Of Europes General Data Protection Regulation1626 Words   |  7 PagesEuropean Commission purposed to strengthen and combine the data protection for all the individuals within the European Union (EU). The GDPR mainly aims at ensuring that your personal data is yours and limit the companies, organizations and EU member states from handling and accessing the personal data. It will be replacing the data protection directive of 1995 which was initially designed by the Union to protect the personal data. After four years of preparation GDPR was approved by the European ParliamentRead More204 Principles776 Words   |  4 Pagesassociated with them and what to do if you are aware of or suspect an individual has been abused or you note unsafe practice. You will research failings in care services and explore how best practice can help to keep individuals safe. You will also identify the range of people who may be involved with safeguarding, along with the policies and procedures that govern best safeguarding practice. Tasks There are three tasks to this assignment. A Booklet B Research and account C Short answerRead MoreEssay on Care of Residents and Floor Manager1528 Words   |  7 PagesAnswer-Refer to flow chart. -See attatched. Bv-Explain the agreed ways of working with your employer in relation to the following areas. 1)Data protection: Ensure all information is stored in a secure place and no information is given out if unsure. 2)Grievance:Discuss with floor manager or home manager. 3)Conflict management:If i had a problem with a member of staff, for example if i didnt like the way that they were treating a resident i would go to my manager and explain my concerns, if afterRead MoreEssay on Final Study Guide1546 Words   |  7 Pagesfunction of resources, dependencies, and alternatives 2. What are individual bases of power? a. Legitimate power (position) b. Expert Power c. Reward power d. Coercive power (ability to punish) e. Referent power (personality, who you are) 3. Where does power come from according to Kanter? (lines of support†¦) a. Formal Structure (position) b. Informal Structure 1. Lines of information 2. Lines of support c. Lines of supply 4. How doRead Morehealth850 Words   |  4 Pagesmedical needs. (You may choose the category of service users you work with). Assuming you are a care worker working in this Care Home providing care services to the service users:1.1 Explain how principles of support are applied to ensure that individuals are cared for in health and social care practice 1.2 Outline the procedure for protecting clients, patients, and colleagues from harm.1.3 Analyse the benefit of following a person-centred approach with users of health and social care services1.4Read MoreInformation Technology And Security Gaps Of The Bank Solutions Inc.1457 Words   |  6 Pagessolutions Inc. whose main priority is to protect the confidentiality, integrity and availability of assets, individuals, information and information systems. Purpose The main purpose of this paper is to elaborate on the information technology/security gaps of the Bank solutions Inc. Disaster Recovery/Business continuity plan (DR/BCP) and to develop a security strategy to protect the confidentiality, integrity, and availability (CIA Triad) of assets, individuals, information and information systems ofRead MoreThe New Dimension Of Cloud Computing1747 Words   |  7 PagesROBUST FT TECHNIQUE IN CLOUD COMPUTING. INTRODUCTION The important of Cloud Computing is considered to be the single largest change in Information Technol-ogy, is start from individuals to community and the large corporations, and now the popularity of using Cloud are widely accepted that many organizations are moving from traditional information processing systems to Cloud services for storinglarge volumes of data, The best standardRead Moreexplain how the principle of support are applied to ensure that service users are care for in this care home1071 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Description of problem to be solved TASK 1 Scenario: ABC Care Home is situated in London and caters to care needs of vulnerable people. The service users come from diverse ethnic and religious background and have varied physical and medical needs. (You may choose the category of service users you work with). Assuming you are a care worker working in this Care Home providing care services to the service users: 1.1 Explain how principles of support are applied to ensure that service users

In Elaine Taylor May’S Article, Security Against Democracy

In Elaine Taylor May’s article, Security against Democracy: The Legacy of the Cold War at Home, written in 2011, she argued that people were willing to forgo personal freedoms for national security. She provided the example of during the nuclear age of the cold war; Americans were more interested in protection rather than concern for the common good. However, as the cold war continued and domestic issues formed, the tight knit social order that was created in the early years was falling apart. She pointed to the start of the civil rights movement, the counterculture, the women’s movement, and the antiwar movement, started to challenge the social order and led to changes in society. The political campaigns shifted from stopping the†¦show more content†¦Prados argument is that the actions by the CIA were taken to the extreme to protect democracy, but in the long run resulted in opposition in America and from the world. He supported his argument with plausib le deniability and the disgust with America by other countries throughout the world. Prados pointed out that starting with Harry Truman it was okay to not tell the American people the whole truth and sight it as a reason for national security. Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger took it to the extreme and took over the 40 committee. Here Kissinger was the chair and basically took complete control over the committee and by the end of the Vietnam War, the CIA director reported only 5 percent of the agency’s budget was spent for covert action. This proved the true intentions of the CIA and formed a break in the American government system. Eventually, it reached to the American people with the release of the Pentagon papers and then the Watergate scandal by Nixon. The strengths of Pardos argument is the hard facts he presented in his book and the way he presented the information. The weakness in his book is the newness of the information presented on the CIA and the result it had on the cold war and therefore is hard to analyze the overall effect. However, Prados and Schulman can be connected because of the failed attempts of the CIA and the American government, it demanded aShow MoreRelatedThe Cold War On American Society1993 Words   |  8 Pagestransitioned into the modern world, while rebelling against previous policies of the past decades. The cold war era was shaped by activism by women, mishaps by the government and its agencies, and a change in leadership that rebelled against previous leaders of the cold war. Resulting in historical analysis of how modern American developed and the threat of communism disappeared. Through the decades of the cold war historians have analyzed the democracy that existed in America and the society i n it

The Brain and Language, Personal Memory, and Self-Awareness Free Essays

Sahan Ratnayake Development of Language and its influence on self-awarness, personal memory, and higher emotion. Language is defined as the system of linguistic signs or symbols considered in the abstract. Language is purely a human concept. We will write a custom essay sample on The Brain and Language, Personal Memory, and Self-Awareness or any similar topic only for you Order Now Though it is used by many animals on the planet, no other animal uses language to the extent or complexity as humans do. This is in part to the larger brain size of humans as opposed to animals. Our closest animal relative, the chimpanzee, has a brain size of around 400cc, while humans have a brain that weighs around 1300cc. This larger brain, as allowed humans to use language more efficiently to achieve its goals. With the development of language rose the characteristics that make us human: self-awareness, higher emotion, and personal memory. Though it is impossible to determine when language arose, it has been theorized that the growth of language coincided with the increase in brain volume. The brain is the control system of the body. All aspects of human behavior, language, reflexes, emotions, memory, are controlled by separate structure of the brain. Within these structures are billions of neurons, specialized cells that transmit information throughout the brain in the form of electrical signals. The brain is split into two hemispheres, the left hemisphere controlling the activities of the right side, and the right hemisphere controlling the activities of the left side. Regarding language, it was discovered that the left hemisphere of the brain is largely responsible for controlling language. More specifically, the outer surface of the central hemisphere, the cortex, is regarded as the center of human speech and language processing. Two structure of the cortex, Broca’s and Wernicke’s are responsible for speech production and understanding of written and spoken language, respectively. The development of language isn’t due solely to a larger brain, but also to genes and the physiological anatomy of humans. In the 1990s, geneticists discovered the FOXP2 gene. The FOXP2 gene is used for proper brain and lung development. Upon testing the gene, geneticists discovered that mutation to the FOXP2 gene caused severe speech and language disorder, leading scientists to conclude that the gene is essential in speech and language production. The physical anatomy of humans is also a major component in producing speech and language. These speech organs are the lungs, the voice box, the throat, the mouth, and the nose. Speech is an air pressure that travels from the speaker to the listener. The lungs produce the air pressure for speech while the rest of the speech organs shape this air pressure to create the final sounds that reach the listener’s ears. For years, scientists have tried to explain the origin of language. Though several theories have been put forth to explain the origin of language, there is no evidence to support any of them. Some scientists have theorized that language is so complex that it cannot exists in the form modern humans use today but must have evolved from our human ancestors. This theories are called continuity-based theories. There are other scientists that argue that human language is unique to humans, leading to the lack of evidence for its existence, and that it suddenly appeared in the evolution from early human ancestors to the humans that we are today. Yet there are other scientist that argue that language is embedded in the human genetic code, and others who see language is cultural, learned through social interaction. Though no solid evidence for any of these theories can be found in the early human ancestors, it is fairly certain that the earliest human ancestors to use language were Homo heidelbergensis, thought to be the common ancestor between Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens. Recent archaeological finds have shown that H. heidelbergensis had an ear structure similar to that of H. apiens, which means that they could pick up the same sound frequencies modern humans could. Although this doesn’t necessarily mean they used language to communicate with one another, it is proof that H. heidelbergensis did have a system of communication. With the development of language came the ability of humans to become self-aware. Self-awareness is the ability to recognize oneself as an individual that is separate from its environme nt and other individuals. Self-awareness isn’t possible without inner speech. It is inner speech that llows individuals to question the past, present, and future. It allows them to think about themselves and to evaluate their actions. Several experiments have shown that, when individuals were asked to talk to themselves or to participate in self-relevant tasks. While doing so, it was discovered that in most people the Broca’s area in the left hemisphere of the brain, showed activity. The Broca’s area on the left hemisphere is used for inner speech. People whose Broca’s area was damaged showed that they couldn’t talk to themselves and lost the process of self-awareness. Regarding the self-aware and self-relevant tasks, fMRI scans have shown that the Broca’s area lights up. This proves that language is essential for the task of self- evaluation. Literature has also given many example of self-awareness and the development of language. In the Greek work, Illiad, that lack of subjectivity by the characters and their insistence on divine intervention suggests that the language areas of the brain weren’t as developed as they are now, causing them to credit the â€Å"gods† for their actions, good and bad. However, in the Odyssey, the use of the pronoun â€Å"I† and Odysseus’s rebellion against the gods suggests that the Broca’s area is much more developed, thus a more developed self-awareness. Language is also responsible for the human trait of memory. Memory is defined as memory from episodes in one’s life. Personal memory is also referred to as personal event memory. Neurologically, memory is stored in the hippocampus and the amygdala. Studies have shown that the hippocampus become active during recollection of memories. The amygdala is used in the recollection of emotional memories. Language is an essential part of recalling a memory. Experiments by Tessler and Nelson in 1993, where a child was asked to talk about a visit to a museum. It was discovered that the child couldn’t recall anything that wasn’t told to him by his mother. This suggests that language is a key component in recalling a memory. Several other experiments with different age groups have shown that older kids remember more than the younger children, which means that since the older kids have a broader vocabulary than the younger kids, the older participants are able to remember and recall a more vivid memory of a past event. Language is also an essential part of the human trait of higher emotion. Higher emotion differs from emotion. Emotion, also known as basic emotions, stem from the mammalian brain of humans and the amygdala. Such emotions, for example fear, are necessary for survival. Higher emotions arise in the pre-frontal cortex, a relatively new part of the brain. Higher emotions such as love, are abstract emotion; they cannot be expressed using physical movement whereas fear, a basic emotion can be expressed using facial expressions or simulation. Language is extremely important for the expression of higher emotions. Language allows humans to explain, as well as understand, higher emotions. Language is necessary for all human advancements. Humans have used language to a greater extent than do apes. Though the origin of language is uncertain, it is undisputed that our earlier ancestors, H. hidelbergensis, were able to communicate and language passed down from them to H. sapiens. Language has also allowed humans to become aware of themselves, to develop memory, and to have higher emotions, characteristics that make H. apiens unique. Works Cited 1. Plontke, Ronny. Language and Brain. N. p. , 13 Mar. 2003. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. 2. Rumbaugh, Sue Savage. â€Å"Human Language-Human Consciousness. †Ã‚  A « On the Human. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 3. Morin, Alan. â€Å"Language and Self-awareness. †Ã‚  Science Consciousness Review. N. p. , 2 Aug. 2007. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 4. Morin, Alan. â€Å"Inner Speech and C onscious Experience. †Ã‚  Science Consciousness Review. N. p. , 20 Apr. 2003. Web. 28 Oct. 2012. . 5. â€Å"Speech Anatomy. †Ã‚  Speech Anatomy. N. p. , n. d. Web. 28 Oct. 012. . 6. â€Å"Language. †Ã‚  Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 7. â€Å"Rebecca’s Dystopia. †Ã‚  : The Link Between Memory and Language. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 8. â€Å"Neanderthal Behavior. †Ã‚  Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 9. â€Å"FOXP2. †Ã‚  Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 10. â€Å"Language and Emotion. †Ã‚  Language and Emotion. N. p. , n. d. Web. 27 Oct. 2012. . 11. â€Å"Personal Event Memory. †Ã‚  Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 22 Oct. 2012. Web. 27 Oct. How to cite The Brain and Language, Personal Memory, and Self-Awareness, Essay examples

Existence of god Essay Example For Students

Existence of god Essay In David Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, Cleanthes’ argument from design is successful in supporting the idea that the universe has an ordered arrangement and pattern. This argument is not sound in its ability to prove the existence of the Christian God. However, Cleanthes does present a sound case for order in the universe, which can be seen as an aspect of one’s faith in a Supreme Creator. In the argument from design, Cleanthes is attempting to discover and defend the basic foundations of religion by using the same methods applied in scientific thought. Paramount in the process of scientific thought is reliance on previous observation and experience of certain causes resulting in specific effects. If a scientist experiences a million times that when chemical A is directly exposed to fire, an enormous explosion takes place, it is logical that the scientist is wholly expecting the same effect the next time the experiment is run. It appears through this line of reasoning that the argument from design relies heavily on the relative probability of an event occurring over a specified period of time. This idea corresponds to human interpretation of the Universe in that perception without the aid of experience is not sufficient in the realization process of a particular phenomenon. If a human were left only to their own perceptions of the universe without prior experiences, th ey would be able to make several value judgements, but without experience with these judgements it would be impossible to determine which were genuine. (p.61, par.2) Even if one believes that truth is relative, they must agree that there is an experience that has occurred in the past causing this person to label a particular outcome as being true or false. If I have no prior experience or knowledge of the qualities of a tree, I would be left to hypothesize on these qualities only from what I could perceive by looking at the tree. I may come up with several theories, one of which may happen to be the correct one, but with no prior experience on which to base these guesses, I would have no way of knowing which theory was correct. Philo objects to the use of only human intelligence as the benchmark by which to measure the order of the universe. Nature is also an example of a great wealth of order and arrangement that coexists with the human mind in the universe. He believes that by com paring the order that is present in the universe, being the whole, to the order that appears in the parts, being the human mind and nature, one makes too presumptuous an inference concerning the characteristics of both the whole and its parts. (p. 65) However, it is logical to presume that the qualities of any whole are reflected, at least in part, in the workings of the whole. The use of the watch to analyze the design of the universe originates in the belief that the universe would dictate the qualities of the watch, and would therefore bestow upon the watch characteristics similar to its own. It is indeed arbitrary to select human intelligence as the means by which to analyze whatever order may exist in the universe, but it seems as logical an example as any. Surely, nature, the cosmos, and other examples of order exist in the universe, but human intelligence is by far the most know entity to humans of any of these examples. It should appear logical to analyze such a monumental t ask such as the arrangement of the universe using the most know example of design that human beings can comprehend. The next important aspect in Clenthes’ argument is the implementation of the theory of cause and effect as it applies in the case of perceiving means to an end and presuming that effects follow from a previous, related cause. As mentioned above in regards to the scientist, events that have similar effects are assumed to have similar causes. Cleanthes argues that the universe is â€Å"nothing but one great machine, subdivided into an infinite number of lesser machines.† (p.59, par.4) From human experience with machines, it is believed to be true that they involve a complex system of design and order through working parts. Through the rules of analogy, Cleanthes comes to the following argument and subsequent conclusion: Since both machines and the human mind share the tendency toward order and producing an end from previous, ordered means, the two most like ly arise from a similar cause. Cleanthes therefore concludes that the creator of nature is similar to the creator of the mind of man. (p.60, par.1) In other words, because machines and the universe share common characteristics and tendencies, it can be inferred from experience that they share similar characteristics and come from similar causes. It’s reasonable to conclude that Cleanthes comprehends the folly in believing that discovering the natures of the universe and proving beyond the shadow of a doubt the existence of a Supreme Being will end successfully. He is a man searching for answers through the avenue most familiar and reasonable to himself. Believing in mystery as opposed to measurable experience is not a logical or viable solution to him. .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f , .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .postImageUrl , .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f , .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:hover , .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:visited , .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:active { border:0!important; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:active , .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u573450394d5ce131f4e35dec5ddc460f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Strategy Framework Of Knowledge Management Commerce Essay On the issue of comparing two events from experience, Philo contends that the origin of the universe was a singular event of which man has no experience, and therefore cannot compare it to anything such as a watch or a house. (p. 66) This premise is true, but what needs to be taken into account when studying the argument from design is that Cleanthes is referring to merely a quality he believes the universe to hold, namely design, not the very nature of its origin. To presume to understand from experience an event so beyond the scope of logic granted to the human mind is absurd, but to ruminate on the nature of such a creation is far more realistic. As Philo has said, humans are presented with examples of design in the universe everyday. It is a natural human inclination to postulate on phenomena beyond their comprehension through tangible examples such as nature, the human mind, and the cosmos. There is a scientific theory that appears to, in part, concur with Cleanthes’ argument from design in assessing the nature of the universe. This theory is known as the Anthropic Principle. There are variations within this principle, but the basic foundation is this: New worlds are created with every particle interaction, and with all these worlds (or universes), it is not unexpected that at least one is ideally suited for life. Henceforth, the universe came into existence with the â€Å"capability and tendency to evolve life, conscious and even self-conscious creatures.† This principle holds in common with the argument from design that, inherent in the nature of the universe is a certain order that fosters the perfect environment for intelligent life. Certainly, we cannot know to what extent similar life forms exist beyond our own solar system, or even our own universe for that matter. However, we do know that within our own solar system, earth is the only planet perfec tly suited, physically, for the generation of a sustainable life form. Perhaps this is another example of examining the part in an attempt to rationalize the whole, but we must use examples of things that we know to be true to analyze things we know nothing about. It is true that many of those who believe some variation of the Anthropic Principle deem it logical to presume from its premises that a pre-existing God that we cannot observe is responsible for the universe and the order within. This is certainly an unsound conclusion, but the idea of believing something that we cannot observe is what faith is all about. This is not an attempt to avoid responsibility in supporting an argument that falls short in proving the existence of God. On the contrary, one must conclude that logical reasoning can only take the human mind as far as an experience of the subject matter will allow. Surely man would love to know how and why he arrived here and who is responsible, but without experience o f this phenomenon, he will never know for sure. Cleanthes’ argument from design is an attempt by a man to come to grips with an incomprehensible event through human faculties of both science and religious faith. He may have fallen short of proving the existence of a Christian God, if that was even his original intent, but Cleanthes’ does present a very intelligent and persuasive argument in favor of a universe based on order and design. Bibliography: