Edward de Vere = William Shakespeare Essay

Every cardinal knows of William Shakespeare, the author of thirty-seven full length plays and 154 sonnets. Romeo and Ju liet is wiz of the most popular stories as it is read in most lofty school side of meat classes. in that respect is not a theatre leaver anywhere who has not heard of, or seen, Hamlet. Any single involved in the theatre, on a regular basis, pass on tell you that they never say Macbeth in any space they call a theatre. What if it was all a lie? What if Shakespeare was not the great Shakespeare? What if some ace else wrote his deeds?There are numerous books and theories in the world to mean solar twenty-four hour period about the straightforward authorship of Shakespeares works. Edward de Vere the 17th Earl of Oxford, Francis Bacon a philosopher and writer, and savioropher Marlowe a Playw well(p) are among the top pretend authors of these works. It is important to know that there is a debate over the true identity of the author, and there are galore(postn ominal) theories. This paper will address Edward de Vere as the practical William Shakespeare. To be or not to be that is the question.Since the first of all 1700s scholars have been asking themselves the question of Shakespeares identity. The great William Shakespeare, who was know by means ofout history to have existed and to have written the greatest literary works of all time, is being questi unityd over and over again. Did the William Shakespeare that is on unload in truth write Hamlet, Romeo and Juliet, King Lear, and so on? This debate has suggested many depict as the possible Shakespearian author. However, none have had so some(prenominal) certify to support his flake than the 17th Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere.As Oxfordians that has done enormous research and wrote numerous books on the subject toiletnot prove there maneuver all musical mode, there is no possible style that this paper could be presumptuous enough to prove it either. Instead this paper is going to hold forth the essay of the de Vere being William Shakespeare. The William Shaksper (of Stratford is spelled different) on record was born in Stratford-upon-Avon on April 23rd in 1564. He was then baptized on April 26th, 1564 at Holy Trinity Church. His father was John Shakespeare who was a glover and leather merchant, and his m early(a), bloody shame Arden was a landed local heiress.Scholars believe Young William attended the superfluous grammar school in Stratford however there is no hard evidence to support this claim. He never went on to university. William married Anne Hathaway on November twenty-eighth 1582 when he was 18 and she was 26 and pregnant. They had three children together though one died at age eleven. William disappeared for a while after the birth of his twins. This is what many call the lost age. He didnt turn back up again until he comes back to capital of the United Kingdom in or just about 1588. Scholars believe that this is when he started to ac t as well as lend oneself playwriting.By 1594 he was acting and writing for the Lord Chamberlains men (which is called the Kings Men after James I takes the propel in 1603), and was also a managing partner. He retired to Stratford and wrote his will in 1611. purportedly he died on his birthday, which is probably a myth, however it is the only fitting entered (Shakespeare Resource Center). 17th Earl of Oxford, Edward de Vere was born at Castle Hedingham in Essex on April 12th, 1550 by the old calendar that April 23rd by the new calendar. Is it a coincidence that Shakspers birthday is that same day?He lived there until he was twelve and then he was direct to London to be a Royal Ward when his father died. The pouffe made Sir William Cecil his guardian. He had a love of the theatre and letters right away. He underwent an extremely strict learning. His first tutor was his mothers brother Arthur Golding. He received an A. B. degree from St. Johns College, Cambridge when he was f ourteen and a half. When he was sixteen he received an M. A. from Christs Church College, Oxford. He also spent three years as a student of law at Grays Inn. By his early twenties he showed great promise as a poet.He married Anne at twenty-one however it was a most unsatis occurrenceory marriage. Charlton Ogburn author of Shake-Speare The man behind the Name states that put down fragments of information and Oxfords own singed publications, leave little room for discredit that the relationship between the offspring Oxford and the Queen was very intimate (Ogburn, and Ogburn 14). many an(prenominal) say that he used the pseudonym William Shakespeare because some of the sonnets and parts of plays can be interpreted to point out the Queen and his relationship (Ogburn, and Ogburn16).Was the Earl the true Shakespeare? All the evidence gathered suggests that Edward de Vere was far more a possible candidate than William Shaksper of Stratford. The argument is that Oxford was far more ed ucated than Shaksper of Stratford. There is no evidence suggesting that Shaksper of Stratford even went to school. He was barely able to write his advert and the signatures had blots. In Ogburns Shake-Speare he states the six different ways that he wrote them Willm Shaksp, William Shakspe, Wm Shakspeare, William Shakspere, Willm Shakspere, and William Shakspeare.There is no record that Shaksper of Stratford ever even referred to himself as Shakespeare with the ii words of Shake and Speare. In fact the others who knew him that wrote his name often wrote Shagsper, Shaxper, Shaxbere, etc. Oxford had an extensive education and his letters show him to have written in the cursive Italian script with ease and fluency, and evidently without blots (Ogburn, and Ogburn 31). The argument, in so far as it concerns the authors station, is not that genius is a function of social status or that a humble cottager is less worthy than an earl.It is simply that, as Bismarck pointed out, the familiar ity with the world of the tribunal displayed by Shakespeare could not have been acquired by one to whom that world was barred, any(prenominal) his powers of intellect (Ogburn, and Ogburn l8). This is an kindle argument. Maybe in todays baseball club it would be easier for the lower-class to write about the upper-class, but in those time there was no way the lower-class could know specifically what goes at court. Shakespeare had written way too easily the formalities of court life.In all the plays of Shakespeare there is not a single fully- echtized, three-dimensional quality taken from the stratum of society to which Shaksper belonged (Ogburn, and Ogburn 18). The point is that Shaksper would have had to been at to the lowest degree somewhat knowledgeable. The topics he wrote about suggested that he understood the law and profound terms, contemporary and historical the manners of the royal court, the aristocratic mind, and ways of speech communication sports of the nobility, hunting and falconry philosophy, classical and esoteric statecraft and statesmanship, biblical scholarshipEnglish and European history classicalliterature and languages French, Italian, and Spanish languages Italian geographics and travel France and the court of Navarre Danish terms and customs horticulture and the designing of gardens Wales and the chisel music and musical terms painting and sculpture mathematics uranology and astrology natural history angling medicine and psychology armed forces life heraldry exploration and the New World navigation and seamanship printing folklore, sprite mythology, the supernatural theatrical management and the habits of players Cambridge University jargon Freemasonry cryptanalysis and the secret dish up (Michell, 18).This is quite an extensive knowledge base for a man whose education is limited to grammar school if he even was afforded that. Another comparison is how either candidate was regarded by others. As Ogburn says the author of th e greatest literary works of the time (and most popular plays) would have been held in high regard-certainly as high a regard as Marlowe, Jonson, Spencer, Chapman, et al. by those who knew who he was (Ogburn, and Ogburn 31). If Shaksper wrote the plays, the fact would have been generally cognize.Yet, while special, if peculiarly sporadic, praise was given to the dramatist Shakespeare as a name, Shaksper the corporeal man was never, so far as is known, treated by his contemporaries as in any way distinguished (Ogburn, and Ogburn 31). There is no evidence that states that Shakspere of Stratford wrote any of the plays or sonnets. His name is on none of them. Oxford, on the other hand, was held with high regard by the Queen and many other writers of the day such as Arthur Golding, doubting Thomas Churchyard, and many others.However, no one when referring to Oxford mentioned the name Shakespeare or even Shaksper. The first time the dramatist Shakespeare was associated with Stratford wa s seven years after Shakspers oddment when it was stated in the First Folio, ambiguously, WhenTime dissolves thy Stratford monument (Ogburn, and Ogburn 35). It is interesting that this is when the case for Shaksper is most evident and it comes so long after Shakspers death. Shaksper had zero point to gain by changing his name to Shakespeare. He would actually been intermit off if he had written them under his own name.It would have boosted his paper and he would have made so much more currency in his lifetime. For him not to put his name on his writing, had he actually written anything, would be insanely stupid. It would certainly go against any title of genius as everyone wanted to change their class. This certainly would have changed his class. On the other hand, Oxford had every reason to take on a pseudonym. He was a wealthy Earl who wrote things that would have called attention to his affair with Queen Elizabeth. There are many things in his plays that poke fun of the roy al courts.Attributed to a nobleman close to the Queen, the plays would have been scrutinized and very fruitfully, it would seem for revelations of personalities and affairs at court (Ogburn, and Ogburn 29). Also he had a reputation preceding the writings of the Shakespeare plays, and Ogburn says something happened in connection with his writing. Whatever it was, it prevented his putting his name to another poetry after the age of twenty-six or to any of the plays which he is known to have written (Ogburn, and Ogburn 13).Also it is believed that the name Shakespeare comes from the family crest of Oxford in which a lion looks as if he is shaking a spear. Another interesting fact is that Oxfords mother remarried within a few months. This story is told through the story of Hamlet. Gwynneth Bowen, a Shakespearean researcher says in Charles Ogburns The inexplicable William Shakespeare The Myth & the Reality, Oxfordians have always maintained that Hamlet is very for the most part auto biographical with Oxford in the title-rolethe ore hasty marriage of Oxfords mother has been given due weight (Ogburn 434).Another interesting fragment of evidence comes from Ralph L. Tweedale in his book Wasnt Shakespeare Someone Else? Tweedale writes about the secret writing that lies within the lines and words of William Shakespeares works. Throughout all of his plays and sonnets lies a occult message, a code that points to the name Vere. Tweedale uses the following as evidence of the cryptography in Shakespeares sonnets and plays. He says that when Juliets mother tries to interest her in Paris as a husband, she compares him to a book. Read ore the volume of young Paris face.And interpret delight, writ there with Beauties pen, (Read over the volume and find delight. ) Examine every severall liniament (Look at every single line. ) And see how one another lends content (See how each lends content to the next. ) And what obscured in this faire volume lies fall out written in t he margent of his eyes. (The obscure messages are found by feeling in the margin (Tweedale 187). There are so many other similarities between Edward de Vere that it would take an entire book in order to deal them, and there have been many of them.Obviously there was no way a college research paper can cover all the bases of this argument. Edward de Vere has the strongest evidence to support his claim. There is not enough evidence to proof that and one would not be able to come to any conclusions on the matter, but it does inform the reader of the closest candidate for the name of William Shakespeare and raises doubt of Shaksper of Stratford. Who is the real Shakespeare? Well no one really knows. Maybe one day scholars will find the one piece of hard evidence that will support without a doubt either case and prove one of them to be William Shakespeare.Ogburn, Charlton. The Mysterious William ShakespeareThe Myth & The Reality. 2nd. McLean, Virginia EPM Publications, INC, 1984. 434. Print. Ogburn, Dorothy, and Charlton Ogburn. Shake-SpeareThe Man Behind The Name. New York William Morrow and Company, 1962. 14-35. Print. Michell, John. Who Wrote Shakespeare?. London Thames and Hudson Ltd, 1996. 18. Print. Shakespeares Biography. Shakespeare Resource Center. J. M Pressley and the Shakespeare Resource Center, 2011. Web. Sept 16 2011. .

Spiritual Warfare

The helmet of Salvation and the breastplate of Righteousness are include in the Messianic prophecy of Isaiah 5917. A romish pass was kn receive as a legionary. There were besides other roman print Soldiers called auxiliaries who included the roman type Cavalry. Roman Soldiers came from all over the Roman Empire. Their phone line was to defend Rome and shift to conquer new lands to add to the Roman Empire. Roman Soldiers, once they joined the Roman Army had to serve for 25 years. Roman Soldiers served in a unit known as a cytosine. If a Roman Soldier was promoted to be the leader of a century of soldiers he was known as a Centurion.A century of Roman Soldiers consisted of approxiamately 80 men so to be a Centurion and lead this galore(postnominal) men was an important job in the Roman Army. Roman Soldiers were solely promoted to be Centurions if they were clever, brave, good fighters and obeyed orders. There were 59 centuries of Roman Soldiers in a legion. In total the Roma n Army consisted of about 30 legions. A Roman soldiers three main weapons were a short sword for stabbing, called a Gladius, a long iron, throwing spear called a Pilum, and a large angular shield.The shield was used for defence, to protect the Roman Soldiers body but also could be a very effective weapon, when needed. Roman Soldiers had to carry their own weapons, food and camping and sleeping equipment. They often had to march up to xx miles a day carrying all this so it was important that they were strong and fit. Roman Soldiers trained together and were prepared for battle. They learned strategies and tactics to enable them to fight together as a single unit.Spiritual WarfareAt birth, the devil begins to comprise a plan to keep us out from the provide of God that is already established for our lives. The devil shows us this correct in the story of Job, when he was in the presence of God and was asked where he came from, he responded by saying, to and fro, pursuit who I may devour. The enemy is seeking constantly who he locoweed keep out of the Kingdom and break ineffective.This affects evangelism head on, because if he can throw us ineffective, he can cause our witness to be tampered with. Just think, you know in your individualised lives that there are people who claim to be Christians and their lifestyles do not add up. Once they begin to minister or evangelize, their witness is tampered by their actions or lifestyle thus rendering them ineffective. The get has many devices that he uses to fight us and to try to render us Ineffective. He incessantly uses accusations to hold us back from evangelize.You know the times hen he brought up your past which caused you to pay more attention to your past than your read state of forgiveness. He uses temptation to keep us away from Gods will. The put out knows exactly what causes you to take your mind off God and he will keep that in front of you constantly. He uses deception to make us doubt our effect iveness and distraction to keep our minds off of the things of God. We cannot fight the Devil with physical weaponry, however, we combat the enemy through prayer, fasting, and reading the Word of God.We render the devices of the enemy Ineffective once we keep God In the forefront. We cannot be effective In evangelism If we allow the Devil to wrap our minds around him. That Is his final goal, to keep our minds on him and our downfalls. He realizes that If he does not fight us that we can and will destroy his kingdom. For the scriptures even say, Greater Is He that Is In me, than he that Is In the world. Meaning, that If God resides on the Inside, I already apply the victory.

Banking: Comparative Analysis Essay

The economic reforms in India started in early nineties, but their outcome is visible now. Major changes took channelise in the functioning of cusss in India only after liberalisation, globalisation and privatisation. It has become really mandatory to study and to make a comparative analysis of service of Public field patoiss and hidden Sector lingoing companys. Increased competition, youthful selective information technologies and thereby declining processing costs, the erosion of product and geographic boundaries, and less suppressive organizational regulations have all played a major occasion for Public Sector desires in India to forcefully compete with Private and extraneous Banks. this paper an attempt to analyze how efficiently Public and Private sector money boxs have been managing NPA. The last decade has seen galore(postnominal) positive developments in the Indian ban superpower sector.The polity makers, which comprise the taciturnity Bank of India (RBI), Ministry of Finance and related administration and financial sector regulatory entities, have made several famous efforts to improve regulation in the sector. The sector now comp ares favourably with desireing sectors in the region on metrics like growth, pro accommodateability and non-performing as go downs (NPAs). A a couple of(prenominal) banks have established an outstanding track record of innovation, growth and rank creation.Banking in India was defined down the stairs Section 5(A) as any alliance which transacts banking, business and the purpose of banking business defined under Section 5(B), judge deposits of m integrityy from customary for the purpose of lending or investing, repayable on demand through cheque/draft or other(a)wise. In the process of doing the above-mentioned primary functions, they are also permitted to do other types of business referred to as Utility Services for their customers (Banking Regulation Act, 1949). During Bruisers time, three Preside ncies Banks were undecided in Bengal (1809), Bombay (1840) and Madras (1843) with powers to isue Notes.Thus the quality and quantity of services provided by the Private Sector Banks is much better than that provided by Public Sector Banks. In the coming years, the deposit ratio will be 80% in common soldier banks and 20% in public sector banks which is a invalidate of a decade onward. Banking is and for the time to come, will remain customer point business. If one can satisfy the customers effectively, then customer becomes client. Thus to be successful, the banks should satisfy their customers qualitatively as puff up as quantitatively. They should .put the customers starting time because .Customer is the king .for the proper functioning of the Indian Banks today.BANKING SCENARIO IN INDIAN SYSTEMThe Indian banking system is significantly different from those prevalent in other countries due(p) to its unique geographic, social and economic characteristics. India has a large race, different cultures in different parts of the country and also disparities in income. Also in India the population spread among rude and urban areas is also skewed in the favour of urban areas. All these features reflect in the size and social structure of the Indian banking system. Further in order to fulfil the needs to the government policy it has been subjected to various nationalization schemes at different times. RBI assurance policies form the guidelines for banks in India. Since they had to satisfy the domestic obligations, the banks have so uttermost been confined within the Indian borders. Banking in India originated in the last decades of the eighteenth century.The first banks were The General Bank of India which started in 1786, and the Bank of Hindustan, both of which are now defunct. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank of India, which originated in the Bank of Calcutta in June 1806, which almost immediately became the Bank of Bengal. This was one of the three presidency banks, the other ii being the Bank of Bombay and the Bank of Madras, all three of which were established under charters from the British East India Company. For many years the Presidency banks acted as quasi-central banks, as did their successors. The three banks merged in 1921 to form the Imperial Bank of India, which, upon Indias independence, became the State Bank of India. The set aside Bank of India is the central bank of India and books the monetary policy.The institution was established on 1 April 1935 .The main functions of RBI are 1. Monetary Authority The Reserve Bank of India is the main monetary authority of the country and beside that the central bank acts as the bank of the national and state governments. It formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy as well as it has to ensure an adequate flow of character reference to fat sectors. Its objectives are maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit to tillable sectors 2. Manager of Exchange Control The central bank manages to reach the goals of the inappropriate Exchange Management Act, 1999. Objective to facilitate external trade and earnings and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange trade in India. 3. Issuer of Currency The bank issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation.The Objectives are giving the public adequate supply of currency of salutary quality and to provide loans to commercial banks to maintain or improve the GDP. The elemental objectives of RBI are to issue bank notes, to maintain the currency and credit system of the country to utilize it in its best advantage, and to maintain the militia 4. Regulator Central Bank is also responsible for making policy to be followed by the banking system of the country. Around 90% of the banking system is under the government control and the rest are with the personal and the foreign banks. The public sector banks c an be categorized into a) State Bank throng It comprises of State Bank of India and its 5 associate banks.Previously there were 7 associate but after the merger of 2 of them with the parent bank only 5 of them remain. The government of India is the bulk stakeholder in the largest bank the country. b) Nationalized Banks in that respect are 19 nationalized banks in the country. The process of nationalization in 1969 resulted in creation of 14 government owned banks which were followed by the nationalization of 6 more banks. However upon a merger the hail number of banks in the country stands at 19 as of today. All the banks are majority owned by the government of India. c) Regional Rural Banks The regional sylvan banks were setup to provide low cost financing and credit facilities to rural people. The nationalized banks were required to setup RRBs in partnership with the individual states.The foreign and surreptitious banks form a miniscule part of the Indian banking system which is reign by the government owned banks. However the superior offering of the private sector banks aided by the growth in the IT has resulted in the population of the country being attracted towards these banks. This has made the public sector banks recognize the flagellum from these banks and improve on their services. They have given the PSBs stiff competition and this augurs well for the future of the Indian banking system.HISTORYPrivate-sector banks have been functioning in India since the in truth beginning of the banking system. Initially, during 1921, the private banks like bank of Bengal, bank of Bombay and bank of Madras were in service, which all together formed Imperial Bank of India. Reserve Bank of India(RBI) came in picture in 1935 and became the centre of every other bank taking away all the responsibilities and functions of Imperial bank. Between 1969 and 1980 there was fast increase in the number of branches of the private banks. In April 1980, they accounted for just about 17.5 pct of bank branches in India. In 1980, after 6 more banks were nationalised, somewhat 10 percent of the bank branches were those of private-sector banks. The share of the private bank branches stayed nearly same between 1980 and 2000. Then from the early 1990s, RBIs liberalization policy came in picture and with this the government gave licences to a few private banks, which came to be known as new private-sector banks. There are two categories of the private-sector banks old and new.The old private-sector banks have been operating since a ample time and may be referred to those banks, which are in operation from before 1991 and all those banks that have commenced there business after 1991 are called as new private-sector banks. Housing Development Finance Corporation Limited was the first private bank in India to receive license from RBI as a part of the RBIs liberalization policy of the banking sector, to set up a bank in the private-sector banks in India. The Central establishment entered the banking business with the nationalization of the Imperial Bank Of India in 1955. A 60% stake was taken by the Reserve Bank of India and the new bank was named as the State Bank of India. The seven other state banks became the subsidiaries of the new bank when nationalized on 19 July 1960. The next major nationalization of banks took place in 1969 when the government of India, under prime minister Indira Gandhi, nationalised an additional 14 major banks.The total deposits in the banks nationalised in 1969 amounted to 50 crores. This move increase the presence of nationalised banks in India, with 84% of the total branches coming under government control. The next round of nationalisation took place in April 1980. The government nationalised sixer banks. The total deposits of these banks amounted to around 200 crores. This move led to a farther increase in the number of branches in the market, increasing to 91% of the total branch network of the cou ntry. The objectives behind nationalisation where * To break the ownership and control of banks by a few business families, * To prevent the concentration of wealthiness and economic power, * To mobilize savings from masses from all parts of the country, * To furnish to the needs of the priority sectors.

Education for illegal immigrant children Essay

Each grade there ar uncountable numbers if students who face numerous problems to attain the higher(prenominal)(prenominal) education,as of higher out enounce payments and negative prospects for employment.north Carolina education authority betoken about fifteen hundred children of immoral immigrants graduate from high educate each(prenominal) year. These students collapse fewer opportunities for higher education and piles pf barriers to get wind a college with out in declare fees. The urban institute hazard that each year about 65 thousand children of illegal immigrants who decease in the U.S for five years or longer graduate high schools. Among them many students are non allowed to attain higher education of being unregistered ans around could not pay fees as not being in state fees applied to them. The dream act leave alone show a path to those illegal immigrants and children of illegal immigrant to make themselves legitimate and who are in U.S. Since years or whom are brought young by their parents as well as whom are born here surpass their most of the lives here. It leave behind also make provision which limits the way in which state wish to provide in state tuition to unregistered residents, may structure such laws, by requiring them to provide the same expediencys to worthy students who do not reside in this state.But, although the romance Act eliminates the barriers, it does not bind the states to provide in state tuition to any undocumented immigrants. Therefore the each state need to determine either they are providing in state fees to the children of illegal immigrants or not. Maryland state psychoanalyst estimated the adverse effects of this legislation pass on increase in the registration and mandatory education funding, but on the other hand , it will cost the state an extra $ 800,000 by fiscal 2012 and $ 3.5 million by fiscal 2014. The students should sign an affidavit stating that they will seek permanent view with in 30 days of becoming the law k-12. This helper is provided in some states , but in other states universities and colleges are charging almost the parallel charge for the out of state students. In 1996, Federal law mandates that if in state rates are granted(p) to illegals, those rates to be given to applicants of either states in U.S. Federal law. In 2008 report by the shopping mall of policy entrepreneurship (CPE), one of the few studies that have been released , many states have not yet analyzed the effects, most statistics do not specifically star data for the unauthorized immigrants. Tuition fees laws has boosted college enrollment rates and many have reduced high school dropout rates which indicates a better motion force for U.S in the succeeding(a).Among all. Texas has the largest increased enrollment since making its tuition benefit law in 2001. According to the Texas higher education co-ordination board , students benefits thorough in 9062, in 2007-2008 out of 1.1 million students enrolled in Texas public college and universities. CPE reports intermit that there are no negative fiscal impacts in states later on implementing the in state tuition benefits. A few states conclude their finale as unknown and some others claim loss because of different in the midst of in state and out state. The student who takes advantage of in state tuition is already fell on the group in which regime has invested its money , which will come back to government on future as tax . Todays global economy need more and more knowledgeable and skill full workers which will be multi-lingual and multi-cultural to be clear set of innovators and intellectual force within the ideal world. Universities presidents and education associations and many social activists have urged the congress to pass the Dream Act which supports the in state. More than immigrants will get access to higher education which help large number if future tax payers which go the country to inv est them by providing in state tuition.This could play large amounts of tax for the strong economy of us. The state and government must sensible to the children of illegal immigrant as they must not be punished for their parents deeds. In some cases the students are so intelligent , hard working and purpose oriented with high academic grades but they dont sustain that they are in process of applying to institutes , that they will not able to attend. It is not made free but discounted as U.S economy is in the raise of youths so, if they are well educated then the country economy will boost automatically. Educated youth attains professional jobs that helps to reduce the burdens of social service budgets and higher earners will pay subsequent amount of tax that contributes general economy. Providing in state fees to illegal aliens makes legallyapplying international students are suckers from not becoming an illegal aliens. College entrance are limited thus each state should provi de direct competition within illegal aliens. The tax of universities and colleges will be loss if all illegal aliens are given in state tuition fees. So every person and child deserve better education and equal opportunities. They can make their life sentence mush easier and make themselves more competitive.As in this case every individual should get equal education by the Equal command Act of U.S. It is unfair to those children whom are although being sharp and strong inclination to study couldnt able to fulfill their desire. As in this issues some states are providing in state tuition fees to those students which make them capable to complete in this competitive market but due to lack of documents they arent able to attend colleges. This situation seems totally unfair and unethical to the childrens for their parents deeds. Though ,there are controversies and issues but it seems to have clear provision by the national law of us to get higher education to the children of illega l immigrants which does not cause as loss as people conceives . So, we believe that all peoples should must get equal opportunity and education for boilers suit development and to make life much advanced as possible. Thats why government should think and act seriously about the federal act of U.S. Children of illegal immigrant should get in state tuition fee on the college and equal education opportunity and vice versa.WORK CITED scalawagLos Angles times A path to college , Nov. 17 2010New York Times envisage of Reform ,Estimating the impact of the Dream Act by Steven A. Camarota In state tuition for Md. Illegal immigrant on table by David Hill the chapiter Times Colorado Alliance for immigration reformsNational immigrant law revolve aboutFederation for american immigrant reform ( taxpayers should not subsidize college for illegal aliens)

According Narmada

According to the government, the Sardar Sarovar occlude depart do the following translate safe drinking water to 30 billion citizenry water 4. million hect ares of land Produce 550 megawatts of power Provide 1,300 cubic-meters of water per yr. or municipal and industrial purposes Provide a drainage system to obtain away floodwaters It will also take the land of 320,000 people http//www. narmada. org/maps/nvdp. pg The Sardar Sarovar Dam The cost of the project was estimated at $200 million, actual cost is $450 million Investors are the population brim until 1993 (when they withdrew), Gov. of Gujarat (state where the Sardar Sarovar dam is located) and S.Kumars (Indias leading textile companies) It will displace 180,000 to a greater extent than projected and affect 700,000 livelihoods Indias History with Dams According to the World Commission on dams Over the last 50 years, India has built more than 1500 large dams. 70% of the irrigation projects are still incomplete 16 millio n Indian people have been forced from their homes because of these dams. % of these people were not rehabilitated enter of a village, now an island http//www. narmada. org/images/satyagraha2003/sat7.J Opponents Dalits and Adivasi (indigenous people). In accordance to their caste system they are untouchables. Many of these people are uneducated and very few pile read and write. Narmada Bachao Andolan, the Save the Narmada Movement (NBA). The movement started in 1986 when the World Bank ent India $450 million for the Sardar project. It was started by a social run shorter named Medha Patkar. She is the representative for the NBA movement. Medha Patkar http//www. narmada. org/domkhedi. submergence. pictures. tml Arundhati Roy booker Prize-winning author supporter of the Save the Narmada Movement wrote a book nigh the Dams in India called The Greater Common Good. Baba Amte a social worker whose work with leprosy has earned him much respect in the country among the tribal people and government officials. Nobody builds Big Dams to provide drinking water to folksy people. Nobody can afford to. Theres a lot of money in poverty . Arundhati Roy Proponents Indian Government supports the building of dams. The World Bank support the Sardar Sarovar Dam Project and loaned India $450 million.They withdrew from the project after an independent review sustain social and environmental impacts were increasing. The Supreme Court of India has ruled on the Sardar Sarovar Dam. In 1995 they suspended work on the dam because the height exceeded the amount earlier planned, 75m. In 1999 they ordered work to continue up to the height of 85m. therefore in Oct 18, 2000 they ruled in favor of uilding the Sardar Sarovar despite global Mr Vyas, Gujarats attend for Narmada Irrigation. l think this is a civil engineering marvel. If you have to forfeit a little bit of your own for the good of society, do it gladly, willingly, smilingly We have given them the beat and put them in the b racket which belongs to the best people.

Experts need to slow down the rate of global warming

Experts around the world have been warning virtually this for decades and have been urging goernments to do more to slow down the cast of globular warming. They warn that there is a 75% risk that global temperatures will rise a further two to three degrees in the next 50 years. The consequence of this would be dramatic. In fact a rise of just one degree would melt the Greenland ice aeroplane and drown the Maldives, but a three degree increase would sweep away the Amazon rainforest, wipe out nearly half of all species face extinction and wreak havoc with crop yields due to w wash upher changes.Whilst the global climate goes through hot and cold cycles, what is worrying about the accredited phase is the pace of change that could send us head prototypal into a final spin. Although we have certainly benefited from technological advancements that have condition us plastics, air travel and cheap food what is important is to oblige a balance so that overmuchive consumerism does not ride unrelenting over natures unanimity. In Islam man is given the role of trusteeship over the earth, which is a huge responsibility.In the past, man had to be careful how he treated his topical anaesthetic environment since excessive grazing or factory farm could bring ruin to his livelihood. His knowledge was also limited but in the event of a disaster either through ignorance or villainy at l easterly he could resort to moving elsewhere and kale again. Now we should have no excuse for ignorance and we should have learnt from our past to lift misuse. But what is worrying is that the impacts of our behaviour are not just local anymore, they are global.If we fail to act in a responsible vogue then we cannot simply relocate because there will be nowhere to go. It is therefore vital that as producers, manufacturers and consumers, we ensure that we give due reflection to the impact of our actions. Such a responsibility is not just that of the east or the west but a respon sibility for all of us. Islam teaches us that God has continued and will continue to provide us with copious resources for all time. But through mans misuse, this balance may change.It is this personal covetousness of man that makes them squander these resources and deprive others who may need those resources. The Holy playscript warns mankind in Chapter 7, verse 32 O children of Adam eat and drink but exceed not the bounds surely He does not love those who exceed the bounds The overall message of Islam is that it promotes harmony by advising moderation. It accepts that we need to use resources for our progress but this should be through with(p) wisely and in a sustain able manner, so that a right medium is found.The Holy Quran relates in Chapter 25, verse 68 those who, when they pass are neither extravagant nor niggardly but moderate amidst the two. So as individuals we should act on the Quranic injunction that promotes balance and avoids excess and Nations need to be more wi lling to share knowledge for the saki of the planet rather than for profit and take collective action in line with their collective responsibility. By doing so we will be able to win the pleasure of God and honour our trusteeship of the earth for the gratuity and future generations

Indoor vs Outdoor

Well games should be such that they ingest us some sort of entertainment and alike visible exercise.I prefer open-air(prenominal) games to interior games.I have the following reasons for my choice. At first, outdoorsy games give me more sensible exercise than indoor games.I skunk do a lot of personate work and movement in the outdooor games.They would help me keep my cholesterol level in control and also keep me aloof from alone kinds of cardiovascular problems. Second,these would give me a more of flick to the nature.I can enjoy the undisturbed breeze and sizzling rainfall only during the outdoor games though not all the time.It is not at all possible in the indoor games like the computer games or the video games.Third,these can be make at all places and whenever required.Because a simple walk or ramble or playing badminton can be done at all places and some of them donot even require any devices. And also these would help me stop my social circle as I can get into extend to with several people who have similar interests and from different walks of life. So for the above reasons I prefer outdoor games and enjoy playing them. Games should be such that they give us some sort of entertainment and also physical exercise.I prefer outdoor games to indoor games. I have the following reasons for my choice.At first,outdoor games give me more physical exercise than indoor games. I can do a lot of body work and movement in the outdoor games. They would help me keep my cholesterol level in control and also keep me aloof from all kinds of cardiovascular problems.Second, these would give me more exposure to nature. I can enjoy the cool breeze and DRIZZLING rainfall only during outdoor games, though not all the time. It is not at all possible in the indoor games like the computer games or the video games.Third, these can be done at all places and whenever required. Because A simple walk or jogging or playing badminton can be done at all places(,) and some o f them do not even require any devices. And also t These would help me bring forth my social circle as I can COME into bear upon with several people who have similar interests and from different walks of life.So for the above reasons I prefer outdoor games and enjoy playing them.

Plot and central idea in Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” Essay

Shirley Jacksons, The draftsmanship concerns a small towns annual lottery selective service and the grim circumstances that ensue. In this short moreover disturbingly grave piece of work, Shirley Jackson communicates to the reader the theme of scapegoatism along with its implications concerning traditions.In the resolution where this lottery takes place, we find many familiar elements a post office, a grocery store, schools and a coal mine. In this resolution, Mr. Summers owns the coal mine, so his handicraft has made him the wealthiest man in the village. Mr. Summers also controls the annual lottery. He is jolly uncomfortable with his authority but has chosen to carry on with the per year tradition.The order in which the lottery lotterys take place emphasizes who does and who doesnt aim power in the villages social hierarchy. Men or working sons draw for their families. The few exceptions involve death or illness. unaccompanied then is a wife permitted to draw. It is evi dent that although everyone eventually participates in this drawing (children included), women ar disenfranchised from the village social structure. As the villagers anxiously restrain for the lottery to begin, the young boys rough play and gather piles of stones, mend the girls socialize in their circles, watching the boys.Agriculture is the main staple of this village and a great emphasis seems to be placed on the premium of crops. This is reinforced by Old Man Warner, a long snip resident of the town, when he cites the expression, Lottery in June, corn be heavy(a) soon. There is timid talk by Mr. and Mrs. Adams of nearby villages doing away with the lottery, but the notion is quickly abolished when Warner calls these new thinkers a pack of crazy fools. He sarcastically suggests that perhaps they would be better off if they succumbed to living in caves and eating stewed chicken weed and acorns. As far as Old Man Warner is concerned, there has always been a lottery.As Mr. Summ ers begins to woo the town gathering, Mrs. Hutchinson shows uplate, hurriedly joining her husband and family. She claims to have close to forgotten what day it was. Once the drawing commences, Mrs. Hutchinson rushes her husband on when his farm comes to draw with the remark, Get up there, Bill. The reader gets the impression that Mrs. Hutchinson holds little abide by for either Mr. Summers or the lottery.The last round of the lottery concludes with Mrs. Hutchinson drawing the slip with the fe ard black spot. As the town and her own family members move in on her with stones, she cries out several times, It isnt fair, it isnt mature. Her cries go unheard and we are uneasily left to hope that the villagers were swift with their proceedings.In this story, Shirley Jackson illustrates how traditions are passed down to our children, who tend to do what they are told without asking or lettered why. By the time we are mature enough to question morality, as long as it isnt fair or it i snt right to us, we are more willing to accept the condition of our surroundings quite a than promote change.

Educational Failure Essay

Every year, over 1. 2 million students trickle come forbidden of the closet of in superior spirits enlighten in the United States al superstar. Thats a student every(prenominal) 26 seconds or 7,000 a day (Thornbergh). Why this happening and more than(prenominal) importantly, what is being d genius to solve this problem? Because of boring classes, in any case much freedom, and fair a lack of motivation, students nationwide ar dropping let on of groom, and argon starting on the rails of minimum w come on and regret.Schools are trying to crack up this issue by giving the actualise students the do they necessity, and giving them alternatives to traditional school daying. n untimely 1 unwrap of 3 common high school students wont graduate(Thornbergh). Thats one third of directlys y bulge protrudehs. Thats one out of triad people that wont go to college. Thats one of tether people that wont k at a time the rewarding feeling of acquire a diploma. But whats wrong with this one third that isnt wrong with the former(a) two thirds? Some verbalize its because if society, others say its because of schools.Really totally half of the problem hypocrisys with schools. There are only a small per centumage of dropouts that feel that they could never strike the criteria that the school demanded. Unfortunately, many students are not given the extra support they need to make a successful transition to high school and are lost in ninth grade(Galesic 317). Most others arent engaged in school. Boredom and disengagement are two describe reasons students stop attending class and wind up dropping out of school(Furger). Fully 88% said they had passing grades in high school. When asked to name the reasons they had left school, more respondents named boredom than struggles with course die(Thornbergh). With this combination, schools vex what many students feel to be a waste of time.When schools build up this reputation, they turn what is known as dropout factories. Approximately two thousand high schools (about 12 percent), known as the nation lowest performing high schools, arrest nearly half of the nations dropouts. In these schools, the number of seniors enrolled is routinely 60 percent or less than the number of freshmen three historic period earlier (Galesic 314). Although schools have some blame for the problem at hand, the other half of the problem has origins that the schools cant control, and that is society and family.Students dont only have to deal with their school work, save also their peers and aliveness at home. This can be stressful time for students, and, because of this stress, students grades may suffer. stock-still though a students grades are low, their parents might not know, or even care. Many parents just dont stipend any attention to their childs grades. The shocking thing is that only fifty-one percent of parents somewhat knew that their child had low grades the other percentages psychea anywhere fr om kind of knowing to almost not knowing at all.Even though dropping out doesnt sound too bad, a person is branding themselves a desertter. Once a person drops out, theres no going endorse. Sure, a person could loll around a GED, but, that still doesnt hold the same w octonary as a diploma. Dropping out of schools will reach a person their entire emotional state. Even a GED is not sufficient for a chew over here anymore (Thornbergh). There is no replacement for a diploma. The path of minimum wage and unemployment starts with dropping out. Only forty five percent of elevated school dropouts are able to find employment.Compared to the sixty eight percent that graduated, thats a very low number in todays economic state. Even if a drop out can be that forty five p envy that is employed, their annual lucre ($8,358) are only little more than half the earning of a High school Graduate ($14,601)(Sum, Ishwar, McLaughlin). Dropping out does not only affect the person who dropped out but also everyone around them. In todays world, the efforts one person really affects everything around them. People ofttimes say, do as your told not as they do. That seems easy dependable?Well, when it comes to drop out, thats not the case. Students are more likely to drop out if their parents did. When they drop out, their children are also more likely to drop out leading through a vicious cycle of drop outs. Family isnt the only thing affected by drop outs (Bridgeland, DiIulio, Morison). Over their on the job(p) lives, the norm high school dropout will have a negatively charged crystalise fiscal contribution to society of nearly -$5,200 objet dart the average high school graduate generates a positive lifetime net fiscal contribution of $287,000.The average high school dropout will approach taxpayers over $292,000 in lower tax revenues, higher cash and in-kind wobble costs, and imposed incarceration costs relative to an average high school graduate. Adult dropouts in the U. S. in recent years have been a major fiscal burden to the rest of society. Given the current and project deficits of the federal government, the fiscal burden of supporting dropouts and their families is no longer sustainable. (Sum, Ishwar, McLaughlin) accompaniment dropouts and their families in no longer doable.So, what is actually being done to help oneself students succeed in school and ultimately success in life? One solution that can has come into play in resent years in is alternative to traditional education such as viral schools and credits labs. They consist of virtual schools and programs that help students get back on track to graduating. With these They offer the help and support students need with out the social problems that traditional classes have such as labels, race, and training disabilities. In doing so, theses alternatives are also adjusting learning to a more personal level. fostering no longer has to be for the whole, but only for the small case that is the individual student. Districts throughout the country are working to personalize learning by creating small schools or reorganizing large schools into small learning communities, as part of their strategy for reducing the dropout rate(Furger). These individual students can now get more help and understanding then they would ever get in a traditional class room. Another Solution to this epizootic is stricter rules for schooling.Schools are not only making it harder to drop out, but also, superlative the academic bar for students. Some students just quit because its acceptable , while others quit just because theyre board in schools. It would be no long acceptable to just quit if there are stricter penalties, right? Some states are making it so students cant quit at an easily age. Students who drop out before age 18 could have their drivers license suspended or their work permit revoked unless their decision was first approved by a school or judge(Thornbergh).But the problem d oesnt only lie with it just being acceptable, but also boredom. Higher expectations and more contest curriculum, coupled with the support students need to be successful, have proven to be an effective strategy not only for increasing graduation rates, but also for preparing students to graduate from high school with options(Furger). The last and most query backed cure for this epidemic is early education. Every month, new studies in neuroscience and psychology provide insights and warnings about how much of a persons capacity for learning is shaped from birth to age 8.Young children need to experience rich language interactions with teachers, parents, and other adults who read to them, ask questions of them, and further their exploration of myriad subjects(Guernsey Mead). Many students quit school because they are failing. Preschool, they argue, is an early investment in youth that yields significant economic results later on. In their review of the research on preschool models i n California and elsewhere, the authors found that one preschool program increased high school graduation rates by 11 percent, and another by 19 percent. Furger) We need a much broader and deeper transformation of the educational system that starts, if parents choose, when children are as young as three years old and continues through the first few grades of mere(a) school.Early childhood does not stop at kindergarten it extends through age eight, because children are still learning foundational skills in literacy, numeracy, social competence, and problem solving, they are more likely to retain them. (Guernsey, Mead) Because of boring classes, too much freedom, and just a lack of motivation, students nationwide are dropping out of school, and stark(a) on the path of minimum wage and regret. Schools are trying to resolve this by giving the support students need and giving them alternatives to traditional schooling. In the time it took to read this, at least one student has dropped out. This ask to stop. Make a difference in one students life by helping the cause of helping students stay in school.

Moving and positioning individuals Essay

topic 1 encounter general anatomy and physiology in relation to run away and locating soulfulnesss.1-1 Outline the anatomy and physiology of the human body in relation to the importance of correct wretched and placement of individuals.1-2 puff the impact of specific conditions on the correct abject and positioning of individuals. Arthritis, stroke, swollen joints, painful joints, stiffness,Outcome 2Understand law and agreed ways of working when moving and positioning individuals.2-1 get out how formula and agreed ways of working affect working practices related to moving and positioning individuals.2-2 Describe what health and safety factors need to be interpreted into account when moving and positioning individuals and any equipment apply to do this. at that place are many health and safety factors that need to be taken into account when moving and positioning individuals. You should make sure the hoist is in full working order and charged up, make sure in that locat ion is enough room/space, no wires or hazards. when using a slip ones mind sheet be disquietful of skin tears. When using a bathe lift make sure the battery has been charged and the green light source is showing.Read more Describe when advice and assistance should essayOutcome 3Be able to minimise risk before moving and positioning individuals.3-4 Describe actions to take in relation to identified risks Inform the space straight away so they can picture a risk assesment. also let a family member know about the risk.3-5 Describe what action should be taken if the individuals wishes conflict with their plan of care in relation to health and safety and their risk assessment. Where an individual indicates a choice that you or others may consider to be a risk you should utilise your assessment skills to determine if there may be issues of capacity or safeguarding. If unsure, consult with your line manager. Record the decision / upshot and the discussion on the file. If there may be a safeguarding issue, make to local Safeguarding Vulnerable Adults Procedures.Outcome 5Be able to move and position an individual5-3 Describe the aids and equipment that may be used for moving and positioning. There are many different aids and equipments that can be used for moving and positioning, the hoist, turn table, slide sheet.Outcome 6Know when to seek advice from and/or involve others when moving and positioning an individual.6-1 Describe when advice and/or assistance should be sought to move or handle an individual safely. If the service user is a very great built person and you are struggling to manage alone you should edge the office to do an assesment to see if it is required a 2 carer call.6-2 Describe what sources of information are available about moving and positioning individuals. policies and procedures, care plan, training courses, equipment manufactures instructions, trained colleagues.

The Golden Ages

In about the 2nd century AD. capital of Italy had its golden age. Also, around d to 300 BC was the Greek golden age. They both had many achievements during theyre golden ages, and many of them bemuse affected us straight off. In Romes golden age they make concrete and roads. This helps us directly beca social function concrete is use in many different ways. Concrete makes up most of the building structure on this earth. Before even the use of concrete for roads, it was used to make simple things, such as pots to work in, new types of housing etc. nce buildings came into affect, jobs then formed, business started, then grew and so on. They also constructed roads. Something as simple as a roadway opened up new civilization to the early Romans. Places they never could have cognise about, or gotten to by foot or horse and carriage. Concrete really had the biggest impact on our infrastructure. Concrete today is still in mellowed demand, and is still a source of employment for many people.In Greeces golden age they made mathematics, and architecture. By them making math, it affects us today because without math, a lot of things wouldnt be able to get done. For compositors case bills being paid, buildings and cars being made, and even having some jobs. mathsematics started early by drawing a line each time the sun arise or set. Counting turning into simple math has changed the course of our world. Math in this era is totally different even than just 20 years ago when our parents were young.Mathematicians can even calculate weather, due to the ultimate discovery of physics, they have found that math is even at the fundamental principle and almost every level of medicine and how the physiology of the body works. Archetecture started back when they used natural beautiful material to construct buildings. We have moved on to use less expensive and less beautiful materials, but have changed our architectural design. Those are some of the achievements of the Rom an and Greek golden ages. Romans made concrete and roads that helped us have buildings and to get places. The Greeks came up with mathematics, and architecture.

The Perceptions of American Women about “New Beauty Therapy Services for Kids”

The issue of beauty therapy among American women and sometimes men has been slightly for a long period that no one can in reality determine, however, the society has undergone great civilization/modernization and recently beauty salons for spring chicken kids gain started emerging. These salons expand all sort of beauty therapy services ranging from manicure, pedicure, facials and umpteen other beauty therapy services to unfledged girls, due to the fact that the judgement has non been in the market for along time the few salons that offer beauty therapy services to young girls charge a lot of money.Nevertheless, this youthful trend has received both positive and negative sentiments from the American public. I recently carried out a study to investigate the perceptions of the people towards this current idea. I developed a short challengenaire consisting of five read/write heads and distri exactlyed them to ten literate person and grown up women with young daughters bet ween the ages of three and eight, within my neighborhood, Brooklyn. The questionnaire comprised of questions that were excellent to various respondents perceptions as they allowed for the choosing of more precise helps. Russ-Eft, D. F. 1980) For instance, the second question essential them to state whether they developed the idea of kids beauty therapy services or non, with issue options ranging from, I powerfully support, I support, I somewhat support, I potently oppose, I oppose, I somewhat oppose. The other three questions were depended on the swear out to the first question and the second questions. The questions were dispatched through a reliable bringing method (hand delivery) and enough time provided for the answering of the questions, the respondents were also advised non to seek assistance from other people.As expected the survey yielded variable responses, with 80% of the respondents indicating that they are aware that kids beauty therapy services have been i ntroduced in the market, man the rest indicated that they are non aware of the raw service. Those who were not aware of the immature kids beauty therapy services were died from the interview as the answers to the rest of the questions depended on the knowledge of the new kids beauty therapy service.Interestingly however a paltry 20% of the survey try who knew nigh the new kids beauty therapy services indicated that they strongly supported the new service and a except 20% indicated that they somehow supported the new service. 40% indicated that they strongly opposed the new service and the be 20% showed that they opposed the new service to kids. Since the answering of the other three questions of the study was dependent on the answer to question number two only 40% of the respondents went on to answer the re of importing questions.This is so because the other three questions were meant to elicit the answers as to what needed to be done and what should not be done around the new beauty therapy service to the kids. It was therefrom irrelevant for respondents who did not support the idea to continue answering the other questions as they were bound to allot out unreliable answers since in the first place they did not have any interests on the new service. Wentland, E, J. & Smith, K. W. (1993)Out of the 40% of the survey sample that proceeded with the rest of questions (by virtue of their support to the new kids beauty therapy service) 20% indicated they have once or twice taken their young daughters to the kids beauty therapy salons while the remaining 20% showed they have never done so but they were planning to do so in future. Interestingly 30% hold that indeed the services are dear(p) for their young daughters but they are existence overcharged and therefore the charges need to be adjusted. The remaining 10% indicated that the charges were bonnie compared to the good beatification services done to the young kids.On the question of whether som e services currently in the kids beauty therapy package should be scrapped, they all (100%) agreed that some services needs to be withdraw from the package as they just did not make sense to young kids. Wentland, E, J. & Smith, K. W. (1993) The overall response of the five questions was very reliable as it consistently and precisely gave out data on the perceptions of the respondents. From the results this is visible from the answers to question one through question five.The questions were also arranged in a legitimate manner to avoid clue giving, those who gave NO as their answer to question one were discontinued from the interview as the study was dependent on the knowledge of the issue being investigated i. e. new beauty therapy services for kids. Further, those who had their answer as I strongly oppose/ I oppose/I somewhat oppose for question two were similarly discontinued from the interview. The remaining questions of the survey were about what needed to be done or not about the new service and therefore it was in order to discontinue those who did not know about the service or support it.The main reason behind this was to avoid false and unreliable answers as those did not support the service did not have any business to note as to what needs to be done or not about the new service. Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980) The simple survey comprising of five-question questionnaire gave out very precise information that could have otherwise not been possible if heavily worded questions were used. This helped the respondents to perceive the questions as not bothersome or requiring much of their time and energy and therefore they gave out correct answers according to their perceptions (or lack of them) on the issue being investigated.Again, the survey sample was small (ten literate women) and the questionnaire comprised of simple questions with instructions create verbally in bold attached on core questions to help back down valid and reliable data. The language used in the questionnaire was simple and unambiguous, further still, the questions were very sensitive in order to extract finer flesh out from the respondents, for instance question number two was very prompting to the respondents as it gave six options for answer. Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980) In conclusion the questionnaire met all the requirements of the specific criteria of a good measurement i. e. reliability, validity, and sensitivity. It is reliable because that gave out results that could repeatedly be got if the same sample was to be used again it was valid because it followed a systematic function and gave out valid results, and it was sensitive because it allowed respondents a more options for answers. Russ-Eft, D. F. (1980)

Philippines airline case study problem Essay

Lucio Tan, the possessor and Chairman of Philippine flight paths (PAL) was faced with a problem. Despite unacceptable levels of profitability, high levels of passenger boardings for the summer of 1997 indicated that a sharp increase in staffing levels was required. confront with this request from his management team, Mr. Tan, having heard of some effective consulting work carried start by Renoir Consulting in the Philippines, asked Renoir to conduct an assessment of his Manila operation.World clear maintenance programs were implemented and small management action teams 2004 Renoir Consulting LimitedOVERVIEWAirline competition in southeast Asia is fierce, with some of the best airlines in the founding competing for market share and the high yield business travelers. Chief amongst that competition for Philippine Airlines is Singapore and Thai airlines. Their vastly superior on quantify performance helped them to dominate the higher yield business market, forcing PAL to flummo x for the lower end leisure and contract worker markets.

Human Virtues Essay

Virtues consist of a set of character strengths, these strengths toy good character. They are wisdom, heroism, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Wisdom and fearlessness are two virtues that my wonderful Father encompassed. He was a very strong and knowledgeable man. His flavour revolved around going against all odds, he truly believed in beating whatever he was at battle against. His perseverance was with him work the day he died. He passed away at the age of 65, he wasnt that old, yet he was a very wise man.His personality was filled with love, care and compassion for others. Very open-minded, when he met someone he was the one who always found the good in them, no field of study who they were. If a situation would arise, he never just considered what was likely to occur, he looked at the whole picture. His love for learning was obvious, one of his hobbies was reading. When asked why, he would reply, the more you read, the more you know. He was a stickler for making us do well in school.He wanted each of us to feed a good education to build our lives out of. He was a Lieutenant in the Federal Prison System for 25 years, aft(prenominal) retiring from the Army, his life here was to provide for and protect his family, which he do with a happy, energetic, and determined attitude. His gratitude for life was amazing, he taught us all the center of Live, Laugh, Love. He walked this life on faith, while teaching others how to do the same along the way.Although his life at home was well rounded and energized by his love, his life at work was a very emotional one. It became as if life in prison, was life for him too. He developed emotional attachments to the inmates, He cared for them, he knee their situations, and he knew why they were there. His courage allowed him to become concern in their lives, which paid off in his favor the night he and some others were held hostage in Virginia Federal Prison, by a convicted series killer.Yet once again, he put forth is faith, his knowledge and courage and talked the inmate down. He helped release the others, and saved many lives includ8ng his own. Wisdom and courage I think are two virtues that we all should possess. I audition to live by good character, I think back on all of the talks me and my Grand Father had, and all the years in between. I smile and think to myself, yes, I sure wish I could be just like him.

Globalization Position Paper Essay

globalization is the process making the worlds citizens increasingly interdependent economic eithery, politically, and socially, as vigorous as environmentally and technologically. Although, to what extent should we embrace it? By the given definition, you would judge globalization to allow cultures, ideas, and beliefs to spread across the globe, which would lead to the development of our countries. However, this is non the case as said here by William K. Tabb, Economist globalization refers to the process of reducing barriers between countries and encouraging closer economic, political, and social inter spotion. globalization could vastly increase the ability of mess everywhere to meliorate their lively standards by sharing knowledge and the fruits of human labor across those barriers. This, of course, does not happen. Tabb is trying to tell us that while Globalization could be doing us of world of good, it has failed to do so in recent years.In fact, a process that is mantic to allow us all to grow, is transforming us into fair of a monoculture due to acculturation. Tabb believes that there is vast potential for our world to plough closer through political, social, and economic interaction if we allow it to do so. sometimes we just dont know exactly how to go just about it. The aspect of globalization that has been occurring lately is more equivalent assimilation than accommodation. most consume said that what is happening to the world is Ameri contributeization, which means that the world is meet less of a mix of numerous different countries and cultures and more like one giant America. The beliefs, values, views, history and language of a people should all be evident within their culture, and while we can allow globalization to help counties grow, it should not be in a way that takes external or lessens their culture and its importance.Under the best conditions, globalization reduces barriers allowing the worlds countries to interact closer with one another. Though it should not become an unreciprocated act where only one country is receiving positive ideas and technology without the other. It natterms that the worlds more powerful countries easily sh be their culture simply have no interest in receiving anything from the less powerful countries, or when they do, fit much less. This is not due to the less dominant country but rather to the more powerful one being somewhat uninterested. Globalization could vastly increase the ability of people everywhere to improve their nutrition standards by sharing knowledge and the fruits of human labor across those barriers.This, of course, does not happen. Despite what William K. Tabb said here, these very things have happened, just not as often as one would perhaps wish them to. Take mainland China for example. Thirty years ago the country had widespread poverty and was passing poor. Nowadays they are as rich as the Spanish, with poverty pass judgment cut by more than 50% a nd real wages that are now 10 times higher. How did they manage to accomplish this? This vast standard of economic progress was achieved through land reform, a government foment for industrialization (such as the emersion of sweatshops), innovative ideas (more people owning their own business), ethnic changes, and democracy rather than dictatorship. As long as foreign countries around the world are able to improve their living standards through globalization, and can do so without becoming too westernized, we can still see globalization as a positive occurrence.Globalization can do us of world of good. In some ways it has accomplished this and in others it has failed. It has been proven that it has the capability to change the lives of many through an improvement in their living standards. Not to mention that it reduces barriers and allows more interaction between people from different corners of the globe. But while it has managed to do this, a process that is supposed to allow us all to grow, is transforming us into a monoculture at the equal time. William K. Tabbs perspective is not the only one, but should only be embraced to some extent. Globalization should reduce barriers preventing closer relations with other nations and improve living standards. However, it should do so without causing too much westernization in eastern countries, and without assimilating the less dominate nations.

Human Relations

adult male transaction is the on-going development of bringing the workers to a greater extent into communication and contact with their organization in order to have an effective work environment. Human relations is aimed more for the people and for their treatment in the employment. In order for human race relations to be successful, the manager needs to not deviate from the organizational goals. Human relations however requires participation from two the manager and worker. 3. ) Scientific managers knew very(prenominal) little about human relations.Scientific managers ere intelligent people who used their practiced expertise to create an environment that achieved the greatest amount of productivity. Although this method of focussing was effective in terms of output, there was no humaneness with this process. Scientific managers viewed any workers as production beings kinda than human beings. 4. ) Some of the principal findings of the Hawthorne studies was that the prod uctivity of workers was not directly related to their physical surroundings, but in particular related to their human relations between one another.When the physical surroundings were changed in the workers work environment, both the control and test groups production increased. natural changes were shown to not have been the reason for the production increase but rather the improved attitudes of the workers that increased output. These findings were very important as it shows that the human workplace was more of a societal environment in which the workplace benefited with having social interaction for both the worker and employer. 6. ) The traditional model is very divergent than the human resourcefulness model. The raditional model is more focused on the union rather than the people.The human resource model implements aspects that atomic number 18 appealing to both employer and employee. In the traditional model, work can be very disliked by most of the employees, manager s must supervise their subordinates very closely, and people are expected to tolerate work of the pay is decent. In the Human resource model, work is enjoyed by the people as they feel that they are change their skills in order to reach a company goal. Managers can too create an environment which allows the orkers to use their full ability instead of having to bring down each task step by step as seen in the traditional model. . ) Management of diversity is very important in human relations because it allows the the workplace to advance with its diversity and all potential is maximized and at the same time all disadvantages are minimized. The population of the world is unceasingly changing, there will be 129 million more people running(a) in 2050 as there was in 1995. The expected ethnicity changes in the fall in States claim that there will be almost half the nations manpower who will be of ethnic race.

Wireless Networks: Free Wireless Access

The availability of reconcile piano tuner find in local communities with the use of web sites that each(prenominal)(prenominal)ows searches for accessibility of wires networks all over the country is the scope of this paper. The paper also provides background data about the experience of having to browse the meshing with the use of free radio access.The paper arrives at a conclusion with a commentary on the issues concerning the movement persuading the government to provide free radio receiver access to everyone and its realizable influences and outcomes, especially to the mickle and the worry sector. It also provides a critical analysis about the notion behind free access, or not having to reach at all, for radio receiver network connections.Using the three search engines, Wi-Fi Free Spot, JiWire, and hot spot Locations, the scope of free radiocommunication access providers can be identified. In the United States alone, there are numerous areas, town, cities or states alike, where free receiving set access is available.Business establishments, much(prenominal) as restaurants, umber houses, gasoline stations, hotels, movie theaters, etc. provides free radiocommunication access for their customers. Areas that are open to the public, such as public libraries, airports, bus stations, post offices, parks, hospitals, museums, schools and universities, some re nervential areas, and level beaches, also have free access to tuner networks.Browsing through the globe across-the-board Web with the use of a free receiving set network is fast(a) and easy. Unlike other business establishments who provide subscriptions or comportments for the use of their piano tuner networks, the free wireless access requires no payment at all. contempt the fact that earnings usage is free of charge, it also comes with high-speed net profit connectivity that would satisfy the requirements of customers who access the internet in these areas.However, accessing th e wireless network for free would bring you to electronic billboards packed with numerous advertisements promoting several products and merchandises. Some establishments even advertise their own products over the World Wide Web. For instance, a coffee shop would advertise their most popular or newly launched products piece their customer is browsing through the internet, by posting banner advertisements, pop-up windows etc.Well-known check off name producers of personal computers and input devices, mobile phones and personal digital assistants, and such even post banner advertisements to promote their products. I am opine that these paid advertisements provide for the payment and maintenance of free wireless networks. However, I might be thinking incorrectly.There are numerous wireless operators providing wireless network go in all areas free of charge. The advent of wireless services access began as the use of wireless technologies such as laptops, personal digital assistants, pocket personal computers, and mobile phones has become far-flung not just in the country but worldwide. This served as an fortune for business corporations and establishments to gain a new breed of clients, in this case, internet users and clients.The United States governments policy to provide free wireless access to all was organized by network managements, businessmen and online clients who would expect to gain access to the World Wide Web anywhere they go without having to pay anything, and business proprietors alike who were aiming to draw customers to their establishments to help increase their profit.At first, wireless access was offered with due fees that was to be paid by the customer. The free wireless access was implemented right after, when mountain nationwide asked for free access to networks because of its positive outcomes and benefits.However, providing free wireless access to all harbors certain issues and concerns to the minds of the tribe. If wireless access is free, then who is paying for it? Business corporations and establishments who advertise through the internet contributes to free wireless access, however, to base the complimentary access tow wireless networks on paid advertisements is improbable.As city governments over the country are outset to implement the free wireless access to all policy, some people have started second-guessing the concept of free access to wireless networks. Many people say that it is not at all free because the people pay for network access through the taxes they pay to the city government.This issue takes side with the people who do not at all use wireless networks to access the internet. As this is the case, they are obligated to pay for what they are not actually using. However, the benefits of free wireless access to all policy is undeniable, as it is not only available in business establishments but in public areas as well.For instance, providing free network access services in public libraries, e ducational institutions and universities, and parks, would be beneficial to the learning process of students and the pedagogical techniques of educators. It also organizes and systematizes the life of a community, as it makes communication and provision of services easier. For instance, addressing concerns to the city government is made easier by communicating through the World Wide Web.The other side of free wireless access influences the business sector. As they used to believe that providing free wireless access would drop by the wayside them to invite people in purchasing their products, it has only done otherwise.To illustrate, coffee shops who provide free wireless access are packed with customers each day, however, it does not hold true that they really purchase products from them. Some people only go to these establishments for the relaxing environment and the free wireless access.ReferencesCisco. (2007). city Government Improves Service and Stimulates Local Economy. Retri evedcelestial latitude 6, 2007, from Cisco Systems, Inc. Website http//www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns621/networking_solutions_customer_profile0900aecd804654bd.htmlHotSpot Locations The radio receiver Directory. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Hotspot-Locations. Website http//www.hotspot-locations.com/JiWire. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from JiWire, Inc. Websitehttp//www.jiwire.com/search-hotspot-locations.htmSeltzer, L. (2005). Wireless Access The Next Great municipal Crisis. Retrieved December 6,2007, from Ziff Davis Enterprise, Inc. Website HotSpot Locations The Wireless Directory. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Hotspot-Locations. Website http//www.hotspot-locations.com/Wi-Fi Free Spot The Wi-Fi-Freespot Directory. (2007). Retrieved December 6, 2007, from Wi-Fi-Freespot Directory. Website http//www.wififreespot.com/

Advantages and Disadvantages of the Internet Essay

Many quite a little fear the profits because of its dis wagess. They seize to non use the net because they be afraid of the possible consequences or ar simply not interested. People who discombobulate yet affiliated to the Internet claim they be not missing anything. Todays technological society must realize that it is up to them to protect themselves on the Internet. Children using the Internet have become a big concern. or so pargonnts do not realize the dangers involved when their children connect to the Internet. When children are online, they bay window easily be lured into something dangerous. For example, children may receive pornography online by stray therefore, causing concern among parents e very(prenominal)where. Whether surfriding the tissue, reading newsgroups, or using email, children kitty be exposed to extremely inappropriate material. To financial support children safe, parents and teachers must be cognisant of the dangers. They must actively guid e and guard their children online.There are a number of tools procurable today that may help keep the Internet environment safer for children. Musicians are also concerned with disadvantages to the Net such(prenominal) as, accessibility and freedom. They are upset because the Internet digests their music online at no charge to consumers. File-sharing services, such as Napster, provide copyrighted songs to any Internet substance abusers. The main concern is the music is free Musicians feel they are not thrumting paid for their work. Because of Napster, it is approximately impossible to close down all file-sharing services because there are too many of them to count. Another major disadvantage of the Internet is privacy. Electronic messages sent over the Internet set up be easily tracked, revealing who is talking to whom and what they are talking about.As people surf the Internet, they are constantly giving learning to net sites. People should become aware that the collection , selling, or sharing of the nurture they provide online increases the chances that their information will fall into the wrong hands. When giving personal information on the Internet, people should make sure the Web site is protected with a recognizable security symbol. On the other hand, this does not soused they are fully protected because anyone may obtain a users information. In other words, the close common Internet crimes are frauds. Today, not only humans getting viruses, but computers are also. Computers are mainly getting these viruses from the Internet, yet viruses may also be transferred through with(predicate) floppy disks.However, people should mainly be concerned about receiving viruses from the Internet. some(prenominal) of these dangerous viruses destroy the computers entire hard drive, pith that the user grass no longer access the computer. Virus security measure is highly recommended. Despite all of the terrible disadvantages of the Internet, there are num erous advantages. In fact, the advantages weigh out the disadvantages. The close to common thing the Internet is used for is research. Children and students are among the top people who use the Internet for research. Nowadays, it is almost required that students use the Internet for research. The Internet has become one of the biggest sources for research. close everyday, research on medical issues becomes easier to locate. Web sites have become available for people to research diseases and talk to doctors online at sites such as, Americas Doctor. Entertainment is another universal reason why many people surf the Internet.Downloading games, going into chat rooms or good surfing the Web are some of the uses people have discovered. There are numerous games that may be downloaded from the Internet at no charge. inspect rooms are popular because users can meet new and interest people. In fact, the Internet has been used by people to find deportment long partners. When people surf the Web, there are numerous things that can be found. Music, hobbies, news and more can be found on the Internet. Another popular thing to do on the Internet is to rack up out the news. Almost all local news can be obtained through the Internet. Up to date sports scores are probably the most popular looked at news. Sports scores are updated on the Internet as soon as the game ends. Weather is also a popular source to look up on the Internet.Using the Internet to get the weather allows people to view weather all over the world. put up radar all over the country and local forecasts are just to name a few of the things that may be obtained for weather information on the Internet. Shopping online has also become a huge victory and is considered a great advantage of the Internet. No matter what people are shopping for, it can be found on the Internet. People do not even have to leave their homes. A few companies have collected millions of dollars using the Internet for selling. Clothi ng is probably one of the most bought items online. Almost every major apparel store has its on Web site.In fact, In US, people can even go food market shopping online using such sites as Priceline.com. Just one thumb of the mouse on the items they want to purchase and the items are delivered to their front door. Unfortunately, this genial of service is not yet available in Malaysia for the time being. Groceries and clothing are only a few of the items that may be bought on the Internet. In conclusion, todays society is in the middle of a technological boom. People can either choose to take advantage of this era, or simply let it pass them by. The Internet is a very powerful tool. It has many advantages however, people need to be extremely aware of the disadvantages as well.

Development of Moldova

Moldova is a land locked country that lies in the midst of Ukraine and Romania. It gained independence in 1991 after an aborted coup against Russia. It is ranked as the close poor country in europium, attributable to the economic crisis that confront Russia in 1998. This is beca physical exercise Moldovas foreign trade heavily relied on Russia and the crisis naturally had untoward personal effects on its economy. The current president, Vladimir Voronin, has made attempts to bring the country closer to Russia in a bid to resuscitate the economy.Economic development is the effort to increase wealth of a country through empowering the citizens (Leornard, 2006). It goes beyond economic growth and focuses on social and political sectors of the society. This includes uplifting the standards of living of the people as wholesome as enhancing democracy and freedom of the people. Measures include economic growth, literacy rates, p everywherety rates, vitality expectancy among early(a)s. Moldova is able to attain the status of high schoolly developed countries, in the next fifty years due to the changes that the current political science is implementing, that hasten reaching this level.Economic aspectFor development to be achieved, there has to be a imperious effort to increase the economic growth. Moldova does not have major mineral resources and consequently relies on agriculture, due to the favorable climate. It relies on Russia for nearly fractional of the exports and major import partners include Russia, Romania, Belarus and Ukraine. Major imports argon fuel, electricity, chemicals, textiles and machinery while exports are foodstuffs, textiles and tobacco. It experiences unfavorable balance of trade and in 2007, it was recorded at $2.3 billion. Moldova has high external debt that was estimated at $900 million in 2000, most of which came from the World avow and the IMF.The GDP declined over the years due to the effect from Russia but is straight off slowl y coming around. Moldovas strategy to improve the economy was to free prices and participation rates, land privatization and the removal of export restrictions. Economic progress is gradually existence achieved since indicators like the GDP are rising. Inflation is lessen and the economy is ripening due to the governments expenditure framework that stresses monetary discipline as rise as efficient resource use.Social aspect.Ten years ago, 75% of the population in Moldova was below the poverty line (Berglund, 2004). Other social problems include human race trafficking and influx of drugs such as opium, since Moldova is a route for drugs destined for Europe and US. This has an adverse effect on the health of the people. The government is slowly addressing these issues, for causa by empowering the population through investment geared towards economic growth. This is being done by reducing hurdles to business entry, by for example, reducing number of licenses required for trade . This results in increase of disposable income to households. The government is similarly constructing infrastructure like roads, schools and hospitals to improve the standards of living of the people. governmental aspectMoldovan political parties lack intimate democracy and accountability. Opposition parties do not take part in formulation of policies due to parliaments attitude of ignoring substitute(a) opinions. In 2005, Freedom admit gave Moldova a score of 5.75, in terms of democracy, which is a poor show. Political parties do not as well as hold dialog with elegant societies. The government is slowly increasing the democratic space. It has also dedicated time to solve the Transnistrian conflict which will increase political development.ChallengesPrivatization of state owned corporations is mar by corruption. There is political and economic uncertainty and ineffective law of nature enforcement. Over reliance of Russia in trade is also a challenge. banning on Moldova n wine and agricultural products by Russia in 2006 adversely affected its revenue, since wine accounted for a third of its exports, of which 80% went to Russia (Leornard, 2006). In 2007, Moldova faced drought that led to losses in the agricultural sector amounting to over $100 million. There is financial challenge due to external debt and uncertainty towards future assistance. Finally, there is a challenge of involving poor people in activities of Non-Governmental Organizations.RecommendationsMoldova should reduce reliance on Russia for trade since in the past, any adverse policy changes by Russia have greatly affected Moldovan economy. It should also reduce the reliance on agriculture and diversify in other sectors of the economy, since climate change tends to greatly affect the economy. Support for medium and picayune size enterprises would facilitate increase the employment opportunities in the country. There should be motivation for development for example rewards, to encourage innovation. Use of renewable pushing sources like wind would reduce reliance on electricity.Moldova should ensure that the civil society participates in the formation of policies at all levels so as to integrate the views of the citizens. It should put in place reforms that strengthen civil check into over the military. It should design legal frameworks that define rights and tasks of parliamentary, civilian and public promise mechanisms.ConclusionMoldova is on track in achieving development in the next fewer decades. All it has to do is reduce reliance on Russia and look for alternative markets. It should also strengthen democracy and improve the standards of living of the people. A persistent political environment coupled with infrastructure to attract investments, efficient use of the available resources as well as having effective monetary and fiscal policies should enable Moldova achieve development before the next fifty hours are over.ReferencesLeonard, T. M. (2006), Enc yclopedia of the developing world. Washington Routledge.Berglund, S. (2004), The handbook of political change in eastern Europe. New York Edward

Dividend Policy & Capital Structure

Comparative abstract of Dividend indemnity & bang-up twist Prepargond For Lutfur Rahman Senior Lecturer, Department of Business Administ dimensionn, East West University. incline Code FIN-435 Course Title Managerial pass Prep ard By Md. Habibur Rahman Utpal Kumar Ghosh ID cc6-2-10-175 ID 2006-2-10-179 Date of Submission August 11, 2009 East West University 43, Mohakhali C/A, Dhaka-1212 unveiling ? ? Origin of the Report Mr. Lutfur Rahman, Senior Lecturer, East West University, has assigned this tale to us, as this explanation is a requirement of the course Managerial finance.Objectives of the Report The broad objective of the report is to build a unvoiced familiarity slightly the Dividend policy & upper-case letter Structure to measure the performance of the high society. By preparing this report we atomic number 18 trying to acquaintance of the oer tout ensemble dividend policy & crownwork letter Structuring. Moreover the superficial objective of the report is to a cquire knowledge ab egress the insights of interpreting the balances. Preparing this report such(prenominal)(prenominal) kind of topic is extremely secure for us as the students of finance. Scope of the Report This report is based on the dividend policy & jacket crown Structuring.Through this report we be try to focalize on the area related to the financial performance of the companies. We particularly focussing on dividend policy & capital Structuring and related symmetrys as those are the study index finger of the performance assessment of a unwavering. Methodology For execution of the report we use MS office software. Topic of the report is not permitting us to input data from primary sources. As the report must be factual, the data source of this report is basic everyy secondary sources. We ga thered our applic adapted data from the different periodicals published by the 2 cementumum companies.We similarly collect our relevant training from different books as wel l. We in any case serene slightly data from the internet to broaden our scope of analysis. Dhaka banal Exchange websites, Meghna cements mills website, bureau cementum Ltd, websites are few of them. Limitations s scum bagt(p) knowledge in studying reports. want of in-depth understanding of certain name and concepts prevented us from going into details. Lacks of research. Unavailability of updated data. fourth dimension limitation is in addition been there. Lack of information and coordination. Confidentiality of data was an an new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) imperative barrier that was faced during the doings of this study. Power Crisis. ? ? ? 2Page Dividend insurance ? Dividend Dividends are requitals made by a mess to its percentowners. It is the portion of corporate profits paid out to melody retarders. When a corpoproportionn earns a profit or surplus, that m geniusy dismiss be put to two uses it throne either be re-invested in the business (called ret ained wages), or it send packing be paid to the parcelholders as a dividend. Many corporations retain a portion of their earnings and brook the remainder as a dividend.For a joint railway line high society, a dividend is allocated fast as a fixed educe per helping. Therefore, a apportionholder receives a dividend in proportion to their divisionholding. For the joint striving fraternity, paying dividends is not an expense rather, it is the division of an asset among dispenseholders. exoteric companies comm yet pay dividends on a fixed schedule, but may declare a dividend at any time, sometimes called a special dividend to distinguish it from a fixedness unmatchable. Cooperatives, on the other hand, allocate dividends tally to members activity, so their dividends are a lot considered to e a pre- impose expense. Dividends are usually settled on a notes basis, as a earnings from the fraternity to the shareholder. They can buoy move back other forms, such as stor e credits (common among retail consumers cooperatives) and shares in the order (either newly-created shares or existing shares bought in the market. ) Further, many public companies twisting dividend re investiture plans, which automatically use the cash dividend to purchase additional shares for the shareholder. ? Forms of Payments ? hard currency dividends (most common) are those paid out in the form of a check.Such dividends are a form of investment income and are usually taxable to the pass receiver in the division they are paid. This is the most common method of sharing corporate profits with the shareholders of the gild. For each share have, a state amount of money is distributed. Thus, if a soulfulness owns coulomb shares and the cash dividend is $0. 50 per share, the person volition be consequenced a check for 50 dollars. ? Stock dividends are those paid out in form of additional stock shares of the emergence corporation, or other corporation (such as its subor dinate word corporation).They are usually issued in proportion to shares owned (for example, for every 100 shares of stock owned, 5% stock dividend will output 5 extra shares). If this payment involves the issue of new shares, this is very similar to a stock split in that it ontogenesiss the supply number of shares while let downing the scathe of each share and does not change the market capitalization or the total measure out of the shares held. ? Property dividends are those paid out in the form of assets from the egress corporation or another corporation, such as a subsidiary corporation.They are relationally rare and most frequently are securities of other companies owned by the issuer, however they can see other forms, such as products and services. ? Other dividends can be used in incorporated finance. pecuniary assets with a known market value can be distributed as dividends warrants are sometimes distributed in this way. For large companies with subsidiaries, divi dends can take the form of shares in a subsidiary company. A common technique for spinning off a company from its parent is to distribute shares in the new company to the old companys shareholders. The new shares can consequently be traded independently. Page ? Types of Dividend Policies ? Constant-Payout- ratio Dividend Policy A dividend policy based on the payment of a certain percentage of earnings to owners in each dividend period. ? unvarying Dividend Policy A dividend policy based on the payment of a fixed-dollar dividend in each period. Often inviolable that use this policy cast up the reparation dividend once a proven increase in earning has occurred. ? Low-Regular-and-Extra Dividend Policy A dividend based on paying a low regular dividend, supplemented by an additional dividend when earnings are higher than normal in a disposed period. Argument for Dividend Relevance Gittman (10th variant) divided stock into two types, such as common stock and preferred stock. He also showed that dividends are the outcome of investment. So, common stocks are an ownership claim against mainly real or productive asset (Higgins, 1995), but he also express that if the company prospers, stockholders are the chief beneficiaries, if it falters, they arc the chief losers. smith (1988) presented that stocks arc one of the most popular forms of investment.People buy stocks for several(a) reasons Some are interested in the long- limit growth of their investment by buying low priced stock of a new company in the hope of substantially growth of share price over the next few yrs. Another reason he suggested that in a well established firm stockholders expect the stock growth will be stable over the long run. (Smith. 1988). Stockholders expect dividend but it is not promised (Gitman, 10th edition). Common stocks are hold by true owners of the business. sometimes they are known as residual owners as they receive some(prenominal) left by and by(prenominal) winding up of the company (Gitman, 10th edition Higgins 1995).Another type of stock is known as publicly owned stock. Common stock owned by a broad aggroup of unrelated investors or institutional investors is called as publicly owned stock. further, all common stock of a firm owned by a small group of investors is denoted as closely owned stock. When all the stock is owned by a single person is known as privately owned stock. Due to the limit of number of share, stock can be classified in to four types. Such as authorise share, outstanding share, treasury stock and issued stock (Gitman, 10th edition). legitimate shares correspond the maximum number of shares a firm allows to issue.Outstanding shares are hold by public. Treasury stock is repurchased by firm itself and it is no longish considered as outstanding share. Issued shared are the shares that have been put into circulation. of late stock repurchase option is very popuLar as it is able to increase stock value by decreasing outs tanding stock number ( appearance. 1976). Port also suggested that firms should avoid issuing stock to pay dividend as they slow down company growth. According to Short and Wclsch (1990), Johns (1998) and Port (1976), a dividend is a usually distributed in cash form to stock holders of a corporation approved by the circuit room of director.It may also let in stock dividend or other forms of payment. A stock dividend represents a dissemination of additional shares to common stockholders (Higgins, 1995). On the other hand. Ross et al. (2005) divided earnings into two parts either it is retained or paid as dividend. Whereas Wild et al. (2001), Johns (1998) and Kieso et al. (2004) argued that retained earnings are the primary source of dividend distribution to the stockholder. Dividends are only cash payments regularly made by corporations to their stockholders (Johns, 1998).He also specified that they are contumacious upon the declaration by the board of the directors and can range from zero to virtually any amount the corporation can afford to pay. 4Page Jones (2005) said that dividends are the only cash payment a stockholder receives directly from firm and these are the lay outation of valuation for common stocks. Stock price response to an unanticipated dividend change announcement is related to the dividend preferences of the marginal investor in that firm where other things remaining same (Denis et al. , 1994). In addition, a company. Which changes dividend policy, is expected to xperience upward or downward trends in share returns (Gunasekarage et al. , 2006). They also said that for the initiating firms, the share prices act to rise even after the initial public offering (IPOs). Higgins (1995) said that if the company will have less money to invest or it will have to raise to a greater extent money from external sources to key out the same investments stockholders claim on future cash flow, which reduces share price appreciation. Moreover, during d ividend announcement period stock price also fluctuate out-of-pocket to announcement of dividend. Mulugetta et al. 2002) examined the impact of Standard and Poor are ranking changes on stock prices. In addition, Affleck-Graves & Mendenhall (1992) found that stock price reacts after 8 days on sightly up to 54 days of such earning announcement. With this believe, Hampton (1996) said that value of stock increase by more dividend and share remain undervalued by lower dividend policy. In addition, he also showed that there are two schools of thought regarding with the effect of dividend on stick price, one is dividends do not affect market price and the another one is dividend policies have profound effects on a firms puzzle in the stock market. Benartzi et al. (1997), Ofer and Siegels (1987) and Bae (1996) found a decreed correlation mingled with share price and dividend. Furthermore. Campbell and Shiller (1988) found a benevolent relationship between stock prices, earnings and expected dividends and he drives a destination that earnings and dividends is powerful in predicting stock returns over several social classs. Wilkic analyse a 76 months share price index and dividend announced. He found a correlation coefficient. Which was under 0. 7 for the period 76 months and he also get that the maximum value of the regression coefficient being reached after 79 months.Moreover. ShilLer (1984. 1989) recommended investors in his study to buy the stocks when price is low relative to dividends and to sell stocks when it is high payoffs. On the other hand to their opinion, Jensen and Johnson (1995) suggested that, dividend cut cores drop-off in share price. More interesting matter is that if capital markets are perfect, dividends have no influence on the share price (MilLer and Modgliani, 1961). milling machine and ModgLiani (1961) also states that if the market is imperfect, dividend may affect stock price. ? Current Practices of Dividend Policy in BangladeshA s Bangladesh is a developing country, the corporate culture is suppuration very slightly in our country. Dividend policy is a major finance decision that involves with the payment to shareholders in return of their investments. Every firm operational in a given patience follows some sort of dividend payment pattern or dividend policy and obviously it is a financial indicator of the firm. Thus, demand of the firms share should to some extent. Dependant on the firms dividend payment pattern. Many investors like to watch the dividend yield, which is reckon as the yearly dividend income per share divided by the current share price.The dividend yield measures the amount of income received in proportion to the share price. If a company has a low dividend yield compared to other companies in its sector, it can mean two things (1) the share price is high because the market reckons the company has impressive prospects and isnt overly worried about the companys dividend payments, or (2) the company is in trouble and cannot afford to pay probable dividends. At the same time, however, a high dividend yield can sign a sick company with a depressed share price.Dividend yield is of little importance for growth companies because, retained earnings will be reinvested in expansion opportunities, giving shareholders profits in the form of capital gains. 5Page MEGHNA CEMENT limited (MCML) ? OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANY The Meghna cementum mill about modified (MCML) was the first undertaking Bashundhara Group in the manufacturing sector. This enterprise produces beginning(a) cement and, as a testimony to this, stands the fact that the concern has been awarded the ISO-9001 affidavit for sustained quality control effort. The Company markets its cement under the registered brand of King brand. ? Basic Information commercialize Category A cd. 0 225. 0 100 2250040 Foreign 0 Public 10 Listing socio-economic class1995 Authorized Capital in BDT (mn) Outstanding Capital in BDT (m n) Face take to be score no. of Securities deal out dower Sponsor/Director 58 Govt. 0 Institute 32 represent 1 The Market price of share of MCML in 2008-2009 (Highest take to be 678. 25, final Value 336. 25) 6Page ? Dividend Policy Followed By Meghna cementum Ltd EPS Dividend Payout Cash Ratio 24. 15 279 216% 25. 00 22. 80 348 164 25. 00 7. 37 246 75 25. 00 5. 93 277 54 25. 00 5. 35 352 46 30. 00 65. 6 one hundred fifty2 75 130 13. 12 300. 75 26 Table 1 Financial Data of MCML from 2004-2008 P/E ratio make out Price(MKT. ) Dividend Bonus dower 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 full(a) 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 25. 00 30. 00 130 26 category 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 correspond Average 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 172. 77 34. 554 reading material According to the above information it is subgross that the company is following regular dividend policy ( agree to definition as given above). From 2004-2007 though the profit has increase subsequently but it was not ample for payment of dividend at a rate of the preceding years to all share holders of the company.For upholding the benefit and interest of general public the sponsors shareholders/Directors have decided to give up their dividend during those years under review of maintaining 31 reconciled dividend policy for the 30 general public shareholders. So the 29 board of directors of the company 28 pleased to recommend cash dividend 27 26 25% on par value of shares for the 25 public share holders taking into 24 consideration the profit and liquidity 23 position of the company during that 22 period under reviewed. 004 2005 2006 2007 2008 But In 2008, the EPS increase by approximately Total Dividend 25 25 25 25 30 Paid 50% from previous year. So the directors ? Dividend decided to increase the dividend percentage to 30% instead of 25%. The company paid 25tk per share as dividend from 2004-2007 but in 2008 as the income increased by almost 50% than the previous year it paid a dividend of 30tk for the earnings of 2008. Total Dividend Paid consider Price(MKT. ) 400 350 destiny Price (MKT. ) 300 250 200 The dividend policy that followed by the company has an impact on its share price. 150 As the interpret shows the share price has 100 an increasing trend.As the company 50 declared 25% dividend per share from 0 2004-2005 this was more than its EPS so 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 the share price increased and reached to Share Price(MKT. ) 279 348 246 277 352 350tk. But in 2006- 2007 the dividend was lower than its EPS so the share price declined and again increased in 2008 with an increase in dividend. 7Page declare-so cementum Limited (CCL) ? OVERVIEW OF THE COMPANIES sureness cementum Limited is the first private sector cement manufacturing company in Bangladesh established in early 90s with having 4,80,000 M/T yearly payoff capacity at Chittagong, 16 K.M off from Chittagong port, besides Dhaka Chittagong highway. CCL is the first ISO-9002 certified cement manufacturing in Bangladesh. It has a u nique management system in quality Assurance, Marketing, Sales, and Procurements. It manufactures ordinary Portland cement. Our company aims to be the number one cement manufacturing company in Bangladesh, by means of continuous development and by producing high & consistent quality cement to meet all customers requirement at all time.To achieve these objectives CCL uses neo machineries, calibrated testing equipments, computerized packing & raw materials mixing devices in its production process. Additionally the company frequently arranges internal & external training design for the staff of all level to develop the potentiality and skill of its human resources. CCL is always keen to keep the customers satisfied by proving the stovepipe assertable service. ? Basic Information Market Category A 500. 0 209. 0 100 2090000 Govt. 0 Institute 25. 37 Foreign 0 Public 49. 17 Sponsor/Director 25. 46Listing course of study1995 Authorized Capital in BDT (mn) Outstanding Capital in BDT (m n) Face Value Total no. of Securities Share Percentage Graph 2 The Market price of share of MCML in 2008-2009 (Highest Value 627. 25, Lowest Value 268. 5) 8Page ? Dividend Policy Followed By corporate trust cement Ltd loot per share -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 Diluted net per share n/a n/a n/a n/a -13. 62 net addition Value Per Share 319. 83 326. 28 332. 93 345. 66 330. 67 Diluted gelt addition Value Per Share n/a n/a n/a n/a 300. 62 Net clams after(prenominal) tax income (mn) -24. 04 20. 81 41. 13 52. 8 -28. 46 Year devastation P/E -9. 50 10. 78 6. 40 13. 30 n/a % Dividend % Dividend Payout Ratio 46% 69% 54% Year 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 5. 00 5. 00 15. 00 15. 00 10%B Interpretation From the above information it is visible that the company follows the regular dividend policy. That is the policy of the company is to pay a perticular dividend amount and if theres higher earning for perticular year and if earning per share increases they also increase their Dividend amount. In 2004, due to tough competition the company couyld not earn desiered profit. This year EPS is tk(12. 65).However considering the 16 interest of shareholders the board of 14 directors decleared 5% dividend from 12 dividend equalization fund. In 2006 and 10 2007 , as the EPS increases than the 8 previous year so the board of director 6 decided to pay dividend of 15% per 4 share. But in 2008 the company 2 decleared a 10% bonous dividend which indicates the company has used 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 their earnings for farther investment so the company didnt give any cash % Dividend 5 5 15 15 dividend. Dividend From the chart it is comfortably indentifiable that the share price had brawny relationship with dividend.In 2004 the company decleared a dividend of 5% per share when it had a EPS of (12. 65) the increased. In 2006-2007 for an increased dividend of 15% the share price also maxmized and again declined in 2008 due to 10% Bonous dividend decleared by the company. Share Pric e (MKT) 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Share Price (MKT) 2004 289 2005 250 2006 225 2007 368. 8 2008 318 9Page Capital Structure Capital social organisation refers to the way a corporation finances its assets through some combination of equity, debt, or hybrid securities.A firms capital social organization is then the composition or structure of its liabilities. For example, a firm that sells $20 billion in equity and $80 billion in debt is said to be 20% equity-financed and 80% debt-financed. The firms ratio of debt to total financing, 80% in this example, is referred to as the firms leverage. In reality, capital structure may be highly complex and include tens of sources. Gearing Ratio is the proportion of the capital employed of the firm which come from outside of the business finance, e. g. by taking a long barrier loan etc.The Modigliani-Miller theorem, proposed by Franco Modigliani and Merton Miller, forms the basis for modern thinking on capital structure, though it is g enerally viewed as a purely conjectural result since it assumes away many important factors in the capital structure decision. The theorem states that, in a perfect market, how a firm is financed is irrelevant to its value. This result provides the base with which to examine real world reasons why capital structure is relevant, that is, a companys value is affected by the capital structure it employs.These other reasons include bankruptcy costs, agency costs, taxes, information asymmetry, to name some. This analysis can then be extended to look at whether there is in fact an optimal capital structure the one which maximizes the value of the firm. 10 P a g e Capital Structure Meghna cement mill around LTD. Items Total Current Asset Fixed Asset Total Asset Current Liability vast term Debt Total Debt/ Total Liability Total right Share Outstanding Net Income Earnings Before interest and tax Retained Earnings arouse Charges/ Financial Expenses Market Price Per Share Debt to Total Assets Long term Debt ratio = Debt to candour = Year 2004 1,003,252,653 1,422,581,752 2,500,368,171 952,991,742 923,377,280 1,885,115,488 615,252,683 2,250,040 26,021,799 195,208,573 390,248,683 162,297,008 279 Financial Information Year Year 2005 2006 979,316,891 1,427,560,032 2,406,876,923 970,701,416 812,529,812 1,783,231,228 623,645,695 2,250,040 34,311,762 176,319,775 398,641,695 67,785,759 348 2004 75. % 2005 74. 1% 1,189,929,096 1,397,087,008 2,587,016,104 1,197,987,718 718,168,213 1,916,155,931 670,860,173 2,250,040 75,106,875 201,332,892 445,856,173 118,067,797 246 2006 74. 1% Year 2007 1,064,749,181 1,378,737,392 2,443,486,573 1,128,318,964 787,868,674 1,916,187,638 527,298,935 2,250,040 one hundred five,096,707 236,610,206 88,286,676 120,127,996 277 2007 78. 4% Year 2008 1,588,397,601 1,307,816,629 2,896,214,230 1,443,833,003 833,152,269 2,277,035,172 619,228,958 2,250,040 148,181,023 278,378,580 57,399,542 99,849,906 352 2008 78. 6% Long full term Debt So lvency 6. 9% 33. 8% 27. 8% 32. 2% 28. 8% 3. 06 2. 86 2. 86 3. 63 3. 68 Times Interest clear = 1. 20 2. 60 1. 71 1. 97 2. 79 Interpretation According to the above information we can evidence that the company has a higher debt in its capital structure. As its Debt/Asset ratio shows from 2004-2008 it has been maintaining almost same amount of debt which is 75% of total assets in its capital structure. It indicates the company is a highly leveraged firm and more risky in terms of debt.According to Long term debt ratio the company maintained a long term debt of some 33% from 2004 2008, which also indicates that the company had higher short term debt than its long term debt. Time interest earn ratio indicates that the company has enough liquid asset to payback its interest expenses. However Debt/ candor ratio shows the company had a capital structure containing higher debt than its equity. The total debt amount fluctuates throughout this given 5 years but it trunk almost three tim es than its total equity. 11 P a g e Capital Structure reliance cementum move LTD.Financial Information Items Year 2004 Year 2005 482627000 570818000 1053645000 429290000 4421000 52985936 433711722 619933000 1900000 20814000 176,319,775 208362754 21573000 250 Year 2006 424937956 580334331 1005272287 362205475 10501799 61807398 372707274 661065000 1900000 41132000 201,332,892 220862754 17559894 225 Year 2007 535307861 564884690 1100192551 413902667 1040702 97073198 414943369 685249000 1900000 52684000 236,610,206 240862754 19968848 368. 8 Year 2008 564074297 590057449 1154131746 525841496 0 58606753 525841496 628290000 1900000 -28459000 278,378,580 221862754 26294826 318Total Current Asset Fixed Asset Total Asset Current Liability Long term Debt handbill Payable/ Trade Creditors Total Debt/ Total Liability Total justice Share Outstanding Net Income Earnings Before interest and tax Retained Earnings Interest Charges/ Financial Expenses Market Price Per Share 357315000 579526135 9 36841360 329088697 83293 39197784 329171990 607669370 1900000 -24039000 195,208,573 207412754 25264715 289 12 P a g e Long margin Debt Solvency Debt to Total Assets = 2004 35. 1% 2005 41. 2% 006 37. 1% 2007 37. 7% 2008 45. 6% Long term Debt ratio = Debt to Equity = 0. 00% 0. 4% 1. 0% .01% 0. 00% 0. 05 0. 02 .02 .01 .01 Times Interest Earned = -1. 951485 -0. 035183 2. 54968 2. 9453453 -2. 0823 Interpretation According to the above information we can regularise that the company has a lower debt in its capital structure.As its Debt/Asset ratio shows from 2004-2008 it has been maintaining increasing amount of debt in its capital structure which was 35. 1% in 2004 & reached to45. 5% in 2008. It indicates the company is a moderately levered firm and risky in terms of debt. According to Long term debt ratio the company maintained non existence long term debt only 2% in 2006, which also indicates that the company had higher short term debt than its long term debt. Time in terest earn ratio indicates that the company has did not had enough earning to payback of its interest other than the year of 2006 &2007.However Debt/Equity ratio shows the company had a capital structure containing lower debt than its equity. The total debt amount remained almost constant throughout this given 5 years which is very negligible than its total equity. 13 P a g e Comparative Analysis 14 P a g e Divedend Policy Comparative Financial Data Analysis The financial data we gathered to find out the relationship between various variables with price of two different cement companies arc given. We assay to explore some conclusion on the behavioral pattern of ever-changing the share market price due to dividend, dividend policies followed.The data are extracted from annual reports of two selected companies that are The Meghna cementum Mills Limited (MCML) and Confidence cement Limited . The annual data of these companies has been taken from the annual reports and other annual publications of Dhaka Stock Exchange. Confidence cementum Ltd Net Net Year % Asset Profit End Dividend Value After P/E Per Tax Share (mn) Meghna Cement Ltd Net Year % Profit End Dividend After P/E Tax (mn) industry Average Net Year % Profit End Dividend After P/E Tax (mn) Year Earning per share % Dividend Payout Ratio Earning per share Net Asset Value Per Share Dividend Payout Ratio Earning per share Net Asset Value Per Share % Dividend Payout Ratio 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 319. 83 326. 28 332. 93 345. 66 330. 67 24. 04 20. 81 41. 13 52. 68 28. 46 -9. 5 10. 78 6. 4 13. 3 n/a 10%B 5 5 15 15 46% 69% 54% 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 273. 44 26. 02 277. 17 34. 31 298. 15 320. 42 275. 20 75. 11 105. 10 148. 18 24. 21 25. 00 20. 61 25. 00 216% -0. 54 164 13. 1 75 27. 515 54 37. 22 46 25. 44 301. 72 315. 55 333. 04 302. 93 27. 56 58. 12 78. 89 59. 86 15. 69 7. 02 9. 61 5. 35 15 20 20 30 105 72 54 46 296. 63 0. 99 7. 5 15 216 7. 64 5. 92 5. 35 25 . 00 25. 00 30. 00 15 P a g e Interpretation Earnings Per Share The perseverance clean of EPS is tk. (. 54), 13. 1, 27. 51, 37. 22, and 25. 44 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 EPS of Meghna Cement Ltd was 11. 57 & after that EPS has increased and reached up to 65. 86 in 2008, So that, the graph shows that the EPS of Meghna Cement is well above of the manufacturing just EPS. In 2004 EPS of Confidence Cement Ltd was (12. 65) & after that EPS has increased and reached up to 27. 63 in 2007. After that EPS has fall again and reached to (14. 8)So that, the graph shows that the EPS of Confidence Cement is well below of the diligence modal(a) EPS. Comperative EPS 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Confidence -12. 65 10. 95 21. 65 27. 73 -14. 98 Cement Ltd Meghna 11. 57 15. 25 33. 38 46. 71 65. 86 Cement Ltd Industry Average -0. 54 13. 1 27. 515 37. 22 25. 44 So, consort to our Comparative EPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the bastinado position. Price Earnings Ratio The industry add up of P/E ratio is tk. 7. 5, 15. 69, 7. 02, 9. 61, and 5. 5 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 P/E ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd was 24. 21 & after that P/E has diminish gradually and reached to 5. 35 in 2008, so according to Industry bonnie out, the graph shows that the P/E ratio of Meghna Cement is well above up to 2006 of the industry add up P/E, then in 2007 its ratio falls below the industry second-rate and in 2008 equal to industry average due nonexistence of P/E ratio of Confidence Cement in 2008. Comparative P/E Ratio 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 Confidence Cement Ltd 2004 -9. 5 2005 10. 78 2006 6. 4 7. 64 2007 13. 5. 92 2008 Meghna 24. 21 20. 61 Cement Ltd 5. 35 In 2004 P/E ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd was Industry 7. 35 15. 69 7. 02 9. 61 5. 35 Average (9. 5), after that EPS has increased to 10. 78 in 2005, then again decrease in 2006 and in 2007 it has increased to 13. 3. In 2008 there is no existence of P/E due to no cash dividend declared by the company. So, according to Industry average, the graph shows that the P/E ratio of Confidence Cement is well below up to 2006 of the industry average P/E, then in 2007 its ratio rise above the industry average and in 2008 no P/E as discussed earlier.So, according to our Comparative P/E ratio analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the cudgel position. 16 P a g e Comparative Dividend Dividend Per Share The industry average of DPS is tk. 15, 15, 20, 20, and 30 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. From 2004 to 2007 DPS of Meghna Cement Ltd was 25 & after that DPS has increased to 30 in 2008 due to extra earning as discussed before. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the DPS of Meghna Cement is well above up to 2007 of the industry average DPS.In 2008 DPS is equal to industry average due nonexistence of Dividend of Confidence Cement in 2008. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Confidence Cement Ltd Meghna Cement Ltd Industry Average 2004 5 25 15 2005 5 25 15 2006 15 25 20 2007 15 25 20 2008 30 30 From 2004 to 2005 DPS of Confidence Cement Ltd was 5 & from 2006-2007 DPS has increased to 15 in 2008 due to extra earning as discussed before. So according to Industry average, the graph shows that the DPS of Confidence Cement is well below up to 2007 of the industry average DPS.In 2008 there in no DPS of Confidence Ltd. due nonexistence of Dividend. So, according to our Comparative DPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. Dividend Payout Ratio The industry average of Payout ratio is 216, 105, 72, 54, and 46 for the year 2004, 2005,2006,2007,2008 consecutively. In 2004 Payout ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd was 216 which is equal to the industry average payout r atio because of non existence of payout ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd. in 2004.After that payout ratio has decreased gradually and reached to 46 in 2008, so according to Industry average, the graph shows that the payout ratio of Meghna Cement is equal to the industry average payout ratio in 2004, then its ratio rise above the industry average up to 2006 and in the last two years equal to industry average. Compative Payout Ratio Compative Payout Ratio 250 250 200 200 150 150 100 100 50 50 00 Confidence Confidence Cement Ltd Cement Ltd Meghna Meghna 216 216% Cement Ltd Cement Ltd Industry Industry 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 46 46 164 164 69 69 75 75 54 54 54 54 46 46 46 46 16 216 105 105 72 72 54 54 Average Average In 2004 there was no Payout ratio of Confidence Cement Ltd as mentioned earlier. After that payout ratio has increased in 2006 and then again decreased in 2007. In 2008 there is no payout ratio because there is no cash dividend. So according to Indus try average, the graph shows that the payout ratio of Confidence Cement is well below compare to the industry average payout ratio in 2005 & 2006, and then its ratio is equal to the industry average in 2007. In 2008 there is no payout ratio as discussed before.So, according to our Comparative DPS analysis, we can easily say that Meghna Cement Ltd. is in the best position where Confidence Cement Ltd is the worst position. 17 P a g e Capital Structure Interpretation Debt/Asset Ratio The industry average of Debt/Asset Ratio for the year 2008 is 62. 1%. Debt/Asset Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 78. 6% and Confidence Cement Ltd. is 45. 6%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position while Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Long Term Debt Ratio The industry average of Long Term Debt Ratio for the year 2008 is 14. %. Long Term Debt Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 28. 8%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is 0%. So, according to industry average Confidence Ce ment is in the best position and Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Debt Management Ratio 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 Debt to Total Assets Confidence Cement Mills LTD 2008 Industry Average 0. 456 Long term Debt ratio 0 0. 288 0. 144 Debt to Equity 0. 01 3. 68 1. 845 Times Interest Earned -2. 0823 2. 79 0. 35385 Meghna Cement Mills LTD 0. 786 0. 621 Debt to Equity Ratio The industry average of Debt/equity Ratio for the year 2008 is 184. 5%.Debt/equity Ratio of Meghna Cement Ltd is 368%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. is 1%. So, according to industry average Confidence Cement is in the best position Meghna Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Time Interest Earned The industry average of Time Interest Earned for the year 2008 is 0. 5385. Time interest earned for Meghna Cement Ltd is 2. 79 Confidence Cement Ltd. is -2. 0823. So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position and Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. spend on Assets The industry average of Ret urn on Assets for the year 2008 is 2%.Return on Assets of Meghna Cement Ltd is 5. 1%, and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is (2. 5%). So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Return on Equity The industry average of Return on equity for the year 2008 is 0. 26%. Return on Equity of Meghna Cement Ltd and Confidence Cement Ltd. Is (4. 5%). So, according to industry average Meghna Cement is in the best position Confidence Cement Ltd is in the worst position. Profitability Ratio 30. 00% 25. 00% 20. 00% 15. 00% 10. 00% 5. 0% 0. 00% -5. 00% -10. 00% Meghna Cement Confidence Cement industry Average Return on Asset 5. 10% -2. 50% 2% Return on Equity 23. 90% -4. 50% 26% 18 P a g e References ? Intermediate bill ( 11th Edition),Donald E. Kieso ? The Analysis and Use of Financial Statements(3rd Edition),Gerald I. White ? Scott Besely & Eugene F. Brigham, Essentials of Managerial Finance, Thirteenth Edition, ? ? ? ? Thomson South-Western, Ohio, 2006 www. bashundharagroup. com/mcml/ www. confidencegroupbd. com/cement/ www. dsebd. org www. wikipedia. com 19 P a g e